Carbon materials are generally preferred as anodes in supercapacitors; however, their low capacitance limits the attained energy density of supercapacitor devices with aqueous electrolytes. Here, we ...report a low-crystalline iron oxide hydroxide nanoparticle anode with comprehensive electrochemical performance at a wide potential window. The iron oxide hydroxide nanoparticles present capacitances of 1,066 and 716 F g
at mass loadings of 1.6 and 9.1 mg cm
, respectively, a rate capability with 74.6% of capacitance retention at 30 A g
, and cycling stability retaining 91% of capacitance after 10,000 cycles. The performance is attributed to a dominant capacitive charge-storage mechanism. An aqueous hybrid supercapacitor based on the iron oxide hydroxide anode shows stability during float voltage test for 450 h and an energy density of 104 Wh kg
at a power density of 1.27 kW kg
. A packaged device delivers gravimetric and volumetric energy densities of 33.14 Wh kg
and 17.24 Wh l
, respectively.
Abstract
Direct experimental observations of the interface structure can provide vital insights into heterogeneous catalysis. Examples of interface design based on single atom and surface science ...are, however, extremely rare. Here, we report Cu–Sn single-atom surface alloys, where isolated Sn sites with high surface densities (up to 8%) are anchored on the Cu host, for efficient electrocatalytic CO
2
reduction. The unique geometric and electronic structure of the Cu–Sn surface alloys (Cu
97
Sn
3
and Cu
99
Sn
1
) enables distinct catalytic selectivity from pure Cu
100
and Cu
70
Sn
30
bulk alloy. The Cu
97
Sn
3
catalyst achieves a CO Faradaic efficiency of 98% at a tiny overpotential of 30 mV in an alkaline flow cell, where a high CO current density of 100 mA cm
−2
is obtained at an overpotential of 340 mV. Density functional theory simulation reveals that it is not only the elemental composition that dictates the electrocatalytic reactivity of Cu–Sn alloys; the local coordination environment of atomically dispersed, isolated Cu–Sn bonding plays the most critical role.
•We characterized the cement-solidified FA after 6 years of natural aging (FA-6).•The leaching concentration of lead in FA-6 exceeds the landfill thresholds.•We determined the distribution of heavy ...metal in minerals and non-minerals in FA-6.•The carbonates, HFO, DOC in FA-6 influence the chemical speciation of heavy metals.•Pb5(PO4)3Cl and Pb2(OH)3Cl were the major phase controlling the lead leaching.
Solidification/stabilization (S/S) is the most common treatment for municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWI-FA), and is widely applied in developed countries but has a history barely longer than 10 years in China. However, our understanding of the physicochemical characteristics of the solidified FA body after long-term natural aging is comparatively poor. Focusing on cement-solidified FA that was naturally aged for 6 years (hereafter referred to as FA-6), the physicochemical characteristics including elemental composition, mineral composition, microstructure, thermogravimetry, distribution of heavy metals in mineral phases, and leaching characteristics of inorganic salts (Na, K, Ca), anions (Cl and SO4) and heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn) were investigated in this study. By combining pH-dependent leaching results with the geochemical model LeachXS, the chemical forms of heavy metals in the FA solid phase was determined. The main conclusion was as follows: (1) soluble salts of FA-6 decreased by more than 92% compared with fresh FA. (2) In FA-6, the proportions of Pb, Cd and Zn in the non-mineral phase were 100%, 100% and 58%, respectively, which may cause potential environmental risk of heavy metal release. The leaching concentration of Pb was 4007.37 μg/L according to compliance batch test of HJ300, which was far higher than the landfill requirement of 250 μg/L. (3) The controlling phase for Pb in FA-6 was Pb5(PO4)3Cl (pH 2–12) and Pb2(OH)3Cl (pH > 12). (4) Carbonates, hydrous Fe oxides (HFO) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in FA-6 also affected the phase-controlled leaching of heavy metals. The carbonate fraction partly controlled the leaching of Cd, Cu and Zn. For example, smithsonite (ZnCO3) controlled the release of Zn (pH 2–13). Adsorption to solid humic acid (SHA) controlled the Cr leaching at pH < 7 and the Cu leaching except pH > 12.
•Sublancin help host against pathogens depend on the immunomodulatory activities.•Sublancin directly induce the chemotaxis of innate immune cells.•Sublancin regulated the microbiota composition ...disrupted by pathogen injection.•Antimicrobial peptides have the potential to replace antibiotics.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major pathogen responsible for community and hospital bacterial infections. In the present study, the protective role of sublancin, an antimicrobial peptides, was explored in MRSA infection model. We report that sublancin directly induce macrophage migration through the chemotactic receptors. We further show that sublancin exhibits protection in a mouse MRSA infection model. This protection involved an immunomodulatory activity, but was blocked by depletion of monocyte/macrophages or neutrophils. Sublancin selectively up-regulates the levels of chemokines (C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1, CXCL1 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, MCP-1) while reducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokine (tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α). Meanwhile, sublancin regulated the microbiota composition disrupted by MRSA injection, increasing the abundance of Lactobacillus and decreasing that of Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas. Also, sublancin restored to normal levels of metabolic functional pathways, especially amino acid biosynthesis (e.g., branched amino acid, histidine and tryptophan), disrupted after injection, and this restoration was significantly correlated with neutrophils. These results demonstrates that sublancin stimulates the innate response and modulates the microbiota community to protect against MRSA infection.
Flexible electrode material with high mechanical strength and excellent electrical stability is still a great challenge for the fabrication of highly flexible energy storage devices. Commercial ...carbon cloth has been long reported as flexible substrate for many electrode materials due to their high mechanical strength and flexibility. However, their application directly as electrode material for flexible lithium ion batteries is yet to be reported. In this paper, commercial carbon cloth was thermally etched and used directly as electrode material in the half-cell and all-flexible full lithium ion batteries. Upon the mass weight and the large diameter of the carbon fiber, the as-prepared free-standing N-doped Porous carbon cloth delivered an initial capacity of 1.75mAh/cm2 (190mAh/g) and capacity up to 1.65mAh/cm2 (168mAh/g) after long electrochemical cycles in the half-cell. The all-flexible device exhibits a high working potential of 3.4V, remarkable lithium storage performance and excellent flexibility. It also achieves a maximum volumetric energy density of 43Wh/cm3 at 0.125mA/cm2 and power density 800W/cm3 at 5.0mA/cm2. The excellent performance can be attributed to N-doped porous surfaces, which provide large surface area for more lithium storage.
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•The first time Carbon cloth (CC) will be directly used as anode for flexible LIBs.•An impressive approach was proposed to improve CC surface area from 7 to 97 m2/g.•The porous CC displayed excellent lithium storage capacity over the commercial CC.•All-flexible lithium ion batteries based on the porous CC were assembled.•The device could power different portable devices at the flat and bending positions.
Intonation words play a very important role in early childhood language development and serve as a crucial entry point for studying children’s language acquisition. Utilizing a natural conversation ...corpus, this paper thoroughly examines the intentional communication scenes of five Mandarin-speaking children before the age of 1;05 (17 months). We found that children produced a limited yet high-frequency set of intonation words such as “啊 a, 哎 æ, 欸 ε, 嗯 ən, 呃 ə, eng əŋ, 哦 o, and 咦 i.” These intonation words do not express the children’s emotional attitudes toward propositions or events; rather, they are utilized within the frameworks of imperative, declarative, and interrogative intents. The children employ non-verbal, multimodal means such as pointing, gesturing, and facial expressions to actively convey or receive commands, provide or receive information, and inquire or respond. The data suggests that the function of intonation words is essentially equivalent to holophrases, indicating the initial stage of syntactic acquisition, which is a milestone in early syntactic development. Based on the cross-linguistic universality of intonation word acquisition and its inherited relationship with pre-linguistic intentional vocalizations, this paper proposes that children’s syntax is initiated by the prosodic features of intonation. The paper also contends that intonation words, as the initial form of human vocal language in individual development, naturally extend from early babbling, emotional vocalizations, or sound expressions for changing intentions. They do not originate from spontaneous gesturing, which seems to have no necessary evolutionary relationship with the body postures that chimpanzees use to change intentions, as suggested by existing research. Human vocal language and non-verbal multimodal means are two parallel and non-contradictory forms of communication, with no apparent evidence of the former inheriting from the latter.
The development of urbanization has brought convenience to people, but it has also brought a lot of harmful construction solid waste. The machine vision detection algorithm is the crucial technology ...for finely sorting solid waste, which is faster and more stable than traditional methods. However, accurate identification relies on large datasets, while the datasets from the field working conditions are scarce, and the manual annotation cost of datasets is high. To rapidly and automatically generate datasets for stacked construction waste, an acquisition and detection platform was built to automatically collect different groups of RGB-D images for instances labeling. Then, based on the distribution points generation theory and data augmentation algorithm, a rapid-generation method for synthetic construction solid waste datasets was proposed. Additionally, two automatic annotation methods for real stacked construction solid waste datasets based on semi-supervised self-training and RGB-D fusion edge detection were proposed, and datasets under real-world conditions yield better models training results. Finally, two different working conditions were designed to validate these methods. Under the simple working condition, the generated dataset achieved an F1-score of 95.98, higher than 94.81 for the manually labeled dataset. In the complicated working condition, the F1-score obtained by the rapid generation method reached 97.74. In contrast, the F1-score of the dataset obtained manually labeled was only 85.97, which demonstrates the effectiveness of proposed approaches.
Unmanned combat aerial vehicle (UCAV) trajectory planning to avoid radar detection threats is a complicated optimization problem that has been widely studied. The rapid changes in Radar Cross ...Sections (RCSs), the unknown cruise trajectory of airborne radar, and the uncertain distribution of radars exacerbate the complexity of this problem. In this paper, we propose a novel UCAV trajectory planning method based on deep reinforcement learning (DRL) technology to overcome the adverse impacts caused by the dynamics and randomness of environments. A predictive control model is constructed to describe the dynamic characteristics of the UCAV trajectory planning problem in detail. To improve the UCAV’s predictive ability, we propose a memory-enhanced twin delayed deep deterministic policy gradient (ME-TD3) algorithm that uses an attention mechanism to effectively extract environmental patterns from historical information. The simulation results show that the proposed method can successfully train UCAVs to carry out trajectory planning tasks in dynamic and unknown environments. Furthermore, the ME-TD3 algorithm outperforms other classical DRL algorithms in UCAV trajectory planning, exhibiting superior performance and adaptability.
A novel hybrid framework of optimized deep learning models combined with multi-sensor fusion is developed for condition diagnosis of concrete arch beam. The vibration responses of structure are first ...processed by principal component analysis for dimensionality reduction and noise elimination. Then, the deep network based on stacked autoencoders (SAE) is established at each sensor for initial condition diagnosis, where extracted principal components and corresponding condition categories are inputs and output, respectively. To enhance diagnostic accuracy of proposed deep SAE, an enhanced whale optimization algorithm is proposed to optimize network meta-parameters. Eventually, Dempster-Shafer fusion algorithm is employed to combine initial diagnosis results from each sensor to make a final diagnosis. A miniature structural component of Sydney Harbour Bridge with artificial multiple progressive damages is tested in laboratory. The results demonstrate that the proposed method can detect structural damage accurately, even under the condition of limited sensors and high levels of uncertainties.
•A hybrid framework based on PCA, DSAE models and data fusion was proposed for structural damage diagnosis.•An enhanced WOA was developed to optimize the meta-parameters of DSAE model.•The DASE with optimal meta-parameters has higher prediction accuracy than other learning models.•Combination of optimized DSAE and data fusion can effectively enhance accuracy and confidence of diagnosis result.
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