The practical application of lithium (Li) metal batteries (LMBs) is significantly hindered by the uncontrolled Li dendrite growth and unstable solid electrolyte interphase layer, which leads to low ...Coulombic efficiency and short cycling lifetime. Constructing protective layers on Li metal surface is demonstrated as a facile and efficient approach to tackle these issues. With superior chemical/electrochemical stability, mechanical robustness, high current density tolerance, and low cost, porous polymers are considered promising candidates as the protective layers toward practical Li‐metal battery applications. In this review, the fundamental mechanisms in stabilizing Li‐metal electrodes, design principles, scalable processing, and recent progress of porous polymers toward practical batteries are thoroughly reviewed and discussed. The purpose of the current review is to analyze whether applying porous polymers as the protective layers is a more promising option of LMBs, and it also discusses how to practically achieve low cost, high‐energy‐density, safe, and long cycle life batteries.
The fundamental mechanisms, design principles, scalable processing, and recent progress of porous polymer stabilized Li‐metal electrodes toward practical battery applications are thoroughly reviewed and discussed. Perspectives regarding the future research directions on how to use these polymers for practical lithium metal batteries are also be presented.
To maximize the introduction of renewable energy, introducing grid energy storage systems are essential. Electrochemical energy storage system, i.e., battery system, exhibits high potential for grid ...energy storage application. A battery energy storage system is comprised of a battery module and a power conversion module. This paper starts by reviewing several potential battery systems, as well as an advanced aluminum-ion battery that currently has promising prospects in the electrochemical energy storage system. The characteristics of the batteries are reviewed and compared, including the materials, electrochemistry, performance and costs. The application prospect of the batteries is discussed. The paper summarizes the features of current and future grid energy storage battery, lists the advantages and disadvantages of different types of batteries, and points out that the performance and capacity of large-scale battery energy storage system depend on battery and power condition system (PCS). The power conversion system determines the operational condition of the entire energy storage system. The new generation wide bandgap semiconductor for power electronic technology is discussed from the perspective of performance, topology, model and non-linearity and is compared to the traditional silicon-based semiconductor. Finally, the application prospect of the new generation semiconductor technology in the energy storage system is indicated. This paper concludes the application status of the energy storage system in the renewable energy power generation and indicates the critical problems that need to be addressed during the construction and operation of the storage system.
Summary
Microbial sulfate reduction is largely associated with anaerobic methane oxidation and alkane degradation in sulfate–methane transition zone (SMTZ) of deep‐sea cold seeps. How the sulfur ...cycling is mediated by microbes near SMTZ has not been fully understood. In this study, we detected a shallow SMTZ in three of eight sediment cores sampled from two cold seep areas in the South China Sea. One hundred ten genomes representing sulfur‐oxidizing bacteria (SOB) and sulfur‐reducing bacteria (SRB) strains were identified from three SMTZ‐bearing cores. In the layers above SMTZ, SOB were mostly constituted by Campylobacterota, Gammaproteobacteria and Alphaproteobacteria that probably depended on nitrogen oxides and/or oxygen for oxidation of sulfide and thiosulfate in near‐surface sediment layers. In the layers below the SMTZ, the deltaproteobacterial SRB genomes and metatranscriptomes revealed CO2 fixation by Wood–Ljungdahl pathway, sulfate reduction and nitrogen fixation for syntrophic or fermentative lifestyle. A total of 68% of the metagenome assembled genomes were not adjacent to known species in a phylogenomic tree, indicating a high diversity of bacteria involved in sulfur cycling. With the large number of genomes for SOB and SRB, our study uncovers the microbial populations that potentially mediate sulfur metabolism and associated carbon and nitrogen cycles, which sheds light on complex biogeochemical processes in deep‐sea environments.
The practical application of lithium (Li) metal battery is impeded by the Li dendrite growth and unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer. Herein, an ultra‐stretchable and ionic conducting ...chemically crosslinked pressure‐sensitive adhesive (cPSA) synthesized via the copolymerization of 2‐ethylhexyl acrylate and acrylic acid with poly(ethyleneglycol)dimethacrylate as crosslinker (short for 70cPSA), is developed as both artificial SEI layer and solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) for stable Li‐metal electrode, enabling all‐solid‐state Li metal batteries with excellent cycling performance. As an artificial SEI layer, the 70cPSA‐modified electrodes exhibit excellent electrochemical performance in Li|70cPSA@Cu half cells and 70cPSA@Li|70cPSA@Li symmetric cells. In full cells with LiFePO4 (LFP) as cathode, the 70cPSA@Li|LFP cell exhibits stable cycling performance over 250 cycles. Utilized as SPE, the all‐solid‐state Li|SPE|LFP cell delivers excellent cycling stability with a capacity retention of 86% over 500 cycles. With high‐voltage LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 (NMC811) as cathode, the Li|SPE|NMC811 cell exhibits a discharge capacity of 124.3 mAh g−1 with a capacity retention of 71% after 200 cycles. The rational design of PSAs and investigation of their dual role for stable and safe Li‐metal batteries may shed a light on adhesive polymers for battery applications.
An ultra‐stretchable and ionic conducting chemically crosslinked pressure‐sensitive adhesive is developed that serves a dual‐role as artificial solid electrolyte interface layer and solid polymer electrolyte. The integration of spontaneous adhesion, high extensibility, and homogenous ionic conducting channels to a single polymer matrix enables efficient regulation of Li+ transport and greatly improves dendrite resistance.
Reliable and noninvasive biomarkers for the early diagnosis of non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are an unmet need. This study aimed to screen and validate potential urinary biomarkers for the early ...diagnosis of NSCLC. Using protein mass spectrometry, urinary MDH2 was found to be abundant both in patients with lung cancer and lung cancer model mice compared with controls. Urine samples obtained as retrospective and prospective cohorts including 1091 NSCLC patients and 736 healthy controls were measured using ELISA. Patients with stage I NSCLC had higher urinary MDH2 compared with healthy controls. The area under the receiver‐operating characteristic curve (AUC) for the urinary MDH2 was 0.7679 and 0.7234 in retrospective and prospective cohorts to distinguish stage I cases from controls. Urinary MDH2 levels correlated with gender and smoking history. MDH2 expression levels were elevated in lung cancer tissues. MDH2 knockdown using shRNA inhibited the proliferation of lung cancer cells. Our study demonstrated that urinary MDH2 concentration was higher in early‐stage NSCLC patients compared with that in controls and that MDH2 could serve as a potential biomarker for early detection of NSCLC.
Malate dehydrogenase 2 was significantly elevated both in urine and in cancer tissues of NSCLC patients. The level of MDH2 in urine could serve as an assistant biomarker for the early diagnosis of NSCLC.
Room‐temperature sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) have shown great promise in grid‐scale energy storage, portable electronics, and electric vehicles because of the abundance of low‐cost sodium. ...Sodium‐based layered oxides with a P2‐type layered framework have been considered as one of the most promising cathode materials for SIBs. However, they suffer from the undesired P2–O2 phase transition, which leads to rapid capacity decay and limited reversible capacities. Herein, we show that this problem can be significantly mitigated by substituting some of the nickel ions with magnesium to obtain Na0.67Mn0.67Ni0.33−xMgxO2 (0≤x≤0.33). Both the reversible capacity and the capacity retention of the P2‐type cathode material were remarkably improved as the P2–O2 phase transition was thus suppressed during cycling. This strategy might also be applicable to the modulation of the physical and chemical properties of layered oxides and provides new insight into the rational design of high‐capacity and highly stable cathode materials for SIBs.
The P2–O2 phase transition in P2‐Na0.67Mn0.67Ni0.33−xMgxO2 can be effectively suppressed by substituting some of the nickel ions with magnesium. Both the reversible capacity and the capacity retention of this cathode material were thus remarkably improved, and the various phases were characterized by scanning tunneling electron microscopy with atomic resolution.
Sodium‐based layered oxides are among the leading cathode candidates for sodium‐ion batteries, toward potential grid energy storage, having large specific capacity, good ionic conductivity, and ...feasible synthesis. Despite their excellent prospects, the performance of layered intercalation materials is affected by both a phase transition induced by the gliding of the transition metal slabs and air‐exposure degradation within the Na layers. Here, this problem is significantly mitigated by selecting two ions with very different MO bond energies to construct a highly ordered Ni6‐ring superstructure within the transition metal layers in a model compound (NaNi2/3Sb1/3O2). By virtue of substitution of 1/3 nickel with antimony in NaNiO2, the existence of these ordered Ni6‐rings with super‐exchange interaction to form a symmetric atomic configuration and degenerate electronic orbital in layered oxides can not only largely enhance their air stability and thermal stability, but also increase the redox potential and simplify the phase‐transition process during battery cycling. The findings reveal that the ordered Ni6‐ring superstructure is beneficial for constructing highly stable layered cathodes and calls for new paradigms for better design of layered materials.
Two ions with very different MO bond energy are selected to construct a highly ordered Ni6‐ring superstructure within transition metal layers in a model compound (NaNi2/3Sb1/3O2). The formed Ni6‐rings with super‐exchange interaction by Ni/Sb ordering can greatly enhance the air stability and thermal stability of layered cathodes, increase the redox potential, and simplify the phase‐transition process during battery cycling.
The brown planthopper is a notorious rice pest in many areas of Asia. The evolution of insecticide resistance in Nilaparvata lugens has become a serious problem in the effective control of this pest ...in the paddy field. In this article, the current susceptibility of N. lugens field populations to novel mesoionic insecticide triflumezopyrim and major classes of chemical insecticides was determined and compared. The monitoring results indicated that field populations of N. lugens had developed low resistance to triflumezopyrim (resistance ratio, RR: 1.3‒7.3‐fold) during 2015‒2018 in China, and the median lethal concentration values varied from 0.05 to 0.29 mg/L. Additionally, during 2017 to 2018, field populations of N. lugens showed high resistance levels to thiamethoxam (RR: 456.1‒1025.6‐fold), imidacloprid (RR: 2195.3‒6899.0‐fold) and buprofezin (RR: 1241.5‒4521.7‐fold), moderate to high resistance levels to dinotefuran (RR: 97.6‒320.1‐fold), clothianidin (RR: 69.4‒230.1‐fold) and isoprocarb (RR: 44.1‒108.0‐fold), and low to moderate levels of resistance to chlorpyrifos (RR: 12.0‒29.7‐fold) and nitenpyram (RR: 6.9‒24.1‐fold). In contrast, N. lugens just showed low resistance to sulfoxaflor (RR: 3.3‒8.5‐fold) and etofenprox (RR: 5.0‒9.1‐fold) in the field. Additionally, the P450 gene CYP6ER1 was found to be significantly overexpressed in all five field populations of N. lugens collected in 2018 when compared with a laboratory susceptible strain. Our findings will provide useful information to delay the evolution of insecticide resistance in N. lugens.
To investigate the cost-effectiveness of nivolumab versus chemotherapy in the second-line treatment for advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
A Markov model reflecting the patients in the ...ATTRACTION-3 trial was established. Weibull survival model was employed to fit the Kaplan-Meier progression-free survival and overall survival probabilities of the nivolumab and chemotherapy strategy, respectively. Meanwhile, one-way and PSA were performed to test the uncertainty in the model.
Overall, the incremental effectiveness and cost of nivolumab versus chemotherapy were 0.107 quality-adjusted life-years and $14,627.90, resulting in an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $136,709.35/quality-adjusted life-year.
Nivolumab is not a cost-effective treatment option compared with chemotherapy from the perspective of Chinese society.
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