The disorder of intestinal flora leads to the decline of anti-inflammatory reaction ability in the intestinal tract, low levels of SCFAs reduced the activation of GPR41 and GPR43, cause the ...occurrence of intestinal inflammation, insulin resistance, and as a result, lead to the occurrence of T2DM.
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•Intestinal flora disorders, such as the reduction of beneficial bacteria and the increase of harmful bacteria, are prone to occur in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.•The mechanisms of type 2 diabetes induced by intestinal flora imbalance include short-chain fatty acid theory, fatty acid theory, and endotoxin theory, etc.•Treatments based on the regulation of intestinal flora, such as fecal bacteria transplantation, regulating probiotics and content of intestinal SCFAs, may have a role in the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a common clinical chronic disease, while its pathogenesis is still inconclusive. Intestinal flora, the largest micro-ecological system in the human body, is involved in, meanwhile has a major impact on the body's material and energy metabolism. Recent studies have shown that in addition to obesity, genetics, and islet dysfunction, the disturbance of intestinal flora may partly give rise to diabetes. In this paper, we summarized the current research on the correlation between T2DM and intestinal flora, and concluded the pathological mechanisms of intestinal flora involved in T2DM. Moreover, the ideas and methods of prevention and treatment of T2DM based on intestinal flora were proposed, providing theoretical basis and literature reference for the treatment of T2DM and its complications based on the regulation of intestinal flora.
High-resolution historical emission inventories of crop residue burning in fields in China were developed for the period 1990–2013. More accurate time-varying statistical data and locally observed ...emission factors were utilized to estimate crop residue open burning emissions at provincial level. Then pollutants emissions were allocated to a high spatial resolution of 10 km × 10 km and a high temporal resolution of 1 day based on the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Fire Product (MOD/MYD14A1). Results show that China’s CO emissions have increased by 5.67 times at an annual average rate of 24% from 1.06 Tg in 1990 to 7.06 Tg in 2013; the emissions of CO2, CH4, NMVOCs, N2O, NOx, NH3, SO2, PM2.5, OC, and BC have increased by 595%, 500%, 608%, 584%, 600%, 600%, 543%, 571%, 775%, and 500%, respectively, over the past 24 years. Spatially, the regions with high emissions had been notable expanding over the years, especially in the central eastern districts, the Northeastern of China, and the Sichuan Basin. Strong temporal pattern were observed with the highest emissions in June, followed by March to May and October. This work provides a better understanding of the spatiotemporal representation of agricultural fire emissions in China and can benefit both air quality modeling and management with improved accuracy.
•Multi-year emission inventories of crop residue open burning were established.•Agriculture mechanization ratios and locally observed emission factors were introduced.•MODIS satellite data were used to allocate the annual provincial emissions into high resolutions.•Emissions form crop residues burning have strong temporal pattern.
A method was developed to establish a comprehensive anthropogenic VOC emission inventory in China, in which a four-level source categorization was proposed, and an emission factor determination ...system together with a reference database were developed. And this was applied to establish VOC emission inventories for the period 2008–2012. Results show China's anthropogenic VOC emissions increased from 22.45 Tg in 2008 to 29.85 Tg in 2012 at an annual average rate of 7.38%, with Shandong, Guangdong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Hebei provinces being the largest emitters. Industrial processes, transportation and solvent utilization were the key sources, accounting for 39.3%, 25.6%, and 14.9% of the total emissions in 2012, respectively. Passenger cars, biofuel combustion, coke production, field burning of biomass, and raw chemical manufacturing were the primary VOC sources nationwide. The key sources for each province were different because of the disparate industry and energy structure. China's VOC emissions displayed remarkable spatial variation, with emissions in the east and southeast regions being much larger than in the northwest, and the high emission areas mainly centered in the Bohai Economic Rim, the Yangtze River Delta, the Pearl River Delta and the Sichuan Basin. The size of high emission areas expanded over the period 2008–2012, with heavily polluted city clusters gradually emerging.
•A recognized method to establish the VOC emission inventory in China was proposed.•A four-level source classification and corresponding EFs database were developed.•China's VOC emissions had increased from 22.45 Tg in 2008 to 29.85 Tg in 2012.•Industrial process, transportation and solvent utilization are key VOC sources.•Highly polluted areas have expanded in 2008–2012, forming polluted city clusters.
Increasing evidence indicates that inflammation plays a vital role in tumorigenesis and progression. However, the prognostic value of inflammatory biomarkers in colorectal cancer (CRC) has not been ...established. In this study, a retrospective analysis was conducted in patients with CRC in Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center (FUSCC) between April 1, 2007 and April 30, 2014, and 5,336 patients were identified eligible. Neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (PLR), lymphocyte‐to‐monocyte ratio (LMR), and albumin/globulin ratio (AGR) were analyzed. Kaplan‐Meier analysis was used to calculate the 5‐year overall survival (OS) and disease‐free survival (DFS). Cox regression analysis was performed to assess the prognostic factors. Nomograms were established to predict OS and DFS, and Harrell's concordance index (c‐index) was adopted to evaluate prediction accuracy. As results, the 5‐year OS was 79.2% and the 5‐year DFS was 56.0% in the cohort. Patients were stratified into 2 groups by NLR (≤2.72 and >2.72), PLR (≤219.00 and >219.00), LMR (≤2.83 and >2.83) and AGR (<1.50 and ≥1.50). Patients with NLR > 2.72, PLR > 219.00, LMR ≤ 2.83 and AGR < 1.50 were significantly associated with decreased OS and DFS (p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis indicated that NLR, LMR and AGR were independent factors of OS (p = 0.047, p = 0.008 and p < 0.001, respectively) and DFS (p = 0.009, p < 0.001 and p = 0.008, respectively). In addition, nomograms on OS and DFS were established according to all significant factors, and c‐indexes were 0.765 (95% CI: 0.744–0.785) and 0.735 (95% CI: 0.721–0.749), respectively. Nomograms based on OS and DFS can be recommended as practical models to evaluate prognosis for CRC patients.
What's new?
Host inflammatory response plays a critical role in the development and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). Hence, inflammatory biomarkers, such as neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio, platelet‐to‐lymphocyte ratio, lymphocyte‐to‐monocyte ratio and albumin/globulin ratio, are potentially able to predict patient outcome in CRC. In this study, pretreatment serum levels of inflammatory biomarkers were found to predict overall survival and disease‐free survival in CRC, based on retrospective analysis of 5,336 CRC patients admitted to China's Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center between 2007 and 2014. Nomograms incorporating the inflammatory markers were successfully established and could be used to refine predictions of CRC outcome.
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is 3rd most commonly diagnosed cancer in males and the second in females. PD-1/PD-L1 axis, as an immune checkpoint, is up-regulated in many tumors and their microenvironment. ...However, the prognostic value of PD-1/PD-L1 in CRC remains unclear.
The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database (N = 356) and Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center (FUSCC) cohort of patients (N = 276) were adopted to analyze the prognostic value of PD-L1 in colorectal tumor cells (TCs) and of PD-1 in tumor infiltrating cells (TILs) for CRC. Subgroup analyses were conducted in FUSCC cohort according to patients' status of mismatch repair.
In TCGA cohort, the cut-off values of PD-1 and PD-L1 expression were determined by X-tile program, which were 4.40 and 2.92, respectively. Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated that higher PD-1 and PD-L1 expressions correlated with better OS (P = 0.032 and P = 0.002, respectively). In FUSCC cohort, expressions of PD-1 on TILs and PD-L1 on TCs were analyzed separately by immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining based on a TMA sample (N = 276) and revealed that both TILs-PD-1 and TCs-PD-L1 were associated with OS (P = 0.006 and P = 0.002, respectively) and DFS (P = 0.025 and P = 0.004, respectively) of CRC patients. Multivariate Cox regression analysis indicated TILs-PD-1 was an independent prognostic factor both for OS and DFS of CRC patients (P < 0.05). Subgroup analyses showed that TILs-PD-1 was an independent prognostic factor for both OS and DFS in CRC patients in MSS-proficient subgroup (P < 0.05), while neither of them correlated with OS or DFS in MSS-deficient subgroup (P > 0.05).
Higher expressions of PD-1 and PD-L1 correlates with better prognosis of CRC patients. TILs-PD-1 is an independent prognostic factor for OS and DFS of CRC patients, especially for MMR-proficient subgroup.
Developing suitable electrolytes with high oxidation decomposition potential, low cost, and good compatibility with electrode materials has been a critical challenge in realizing practical magnesium ...batteries. The emerging magnesium aluminum chloride complex (MACC) electrolytes based on inorganic chloride salts exhibit high Coulombic efficiencies for magnesium batteries. This review summarizes recent studies of MACC electrolytes, focusing on the synthesis, characterization, and chemical environment of Mg species, electrolytic conditioning of electrolytes, and their application in typical magnesium batteries. The electrolyte evolution and influencing factor of electrolytic conditioning are discussed, and several kinds of conditioning‐free MACC electrolytes are further introduced. Finally, future trends and perspectives in this field are discussed.
Magnesium aluminum chloride complex (MACC) electrolytes with the advantages of simple synthesis, low cost, and high anode decomposition potential deliver high Mg deposition/stripping Coulombic efficiency and low Mg deposition overpotential after electrolytic conditioning. Herein, the synthesis methods, composition, electrolytic conditioning, and application in full batteries for MACC electrolytes are summarized.
102 volatile organic compound (VOC) species were measured online using a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry/flame ionization detector (GC–MS/FID) at an urban site in Beijing in 11 August to 3 ...September 2015, when a series of rigorous air quality control measures were implemented in Beijing city and neighbouring provinces. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) was applied to identify emission sources from 1h averaged values of VOC data. Based on the online VOC data and the PMF analysis results, the effectiveness of different control measures were investigated. The PMF results were compared with an emission inventory data. Results show that the rigorous air quality restrictions implemented were successful. The averaged ambient VOC mixing ratios during the emission control period and non-control period were 27.53 and 45.42ppbv, respectively. The mixing ratios of total VOC during the control period were reduced by 40%. Alkanes were the most abundant chemical group in the two periods, followed by oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs). Almost all quantified VOC species decreased during the control period. Tracers of industrial sources and vehicle exhaust reduced most, including some halocarbons, esters and aromatics. Eight sources were resolved by online PMF analysis for ambient VOCs in Beijing. Contributions of those sources varied significantly during the control and non-control period. Compared with the values before control, contributions of vehicle-related sources were most reduced, followed by solvent utilization. Reductions of vehicle-related sources, solvent utilization, secondary formation, fuel combustion, and biogenic were responsible for 65%, 19%, 10%, 5%, and 1% of the reductions in ambient VOCs. Both PMF results and emission inventory data indicated that the control measure on traffic was very effective in reducing ambient VOCs in Beijing, with the emission reductions of about 50%.
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•102 VOCs species were measured in August to September 2015, Beijing, China.•Effects of rigorous emission controls on ambient VOCs were analyzed.•The mixing ratios of ambient VOC were reduced by 40%.•Contributions of vehicle-related sources were most reduced.
Fermentation is a key process that affects the quality of black tea. In this study, we discussed the changes and influencing factors of key endoplasmic components at different positions of stacked ...fermented leaves, and the effects of different preprocessing, variable selection and intelligent algorithm on the model performance are compared, the quantitative prediction model of main endoplasmic components of Congou black tea under different fermentation time series was established, finally, the content distribution is depicted in different colors. The results show that the RPD values of the random forest (RF) prediction model constructed using the optimal variables of theafuscin, thearubigin, catechin, caffeine, and soluble sugar were 3.40, 2.21, 5.71, 1.46, and 2.89, respectively. The RPD values of the support vector machine (SVR) prediction model constructed using the optimal variables of theaflavin and the phenol ammonia ratio were 3.78 and 2.91, respectively. Furthermore, the visualization process successfully displayed the distribution of various quality indicators of the samples at different time periods. These research results lay a theoretical foundation for advancing the judicious processing of black tea.
•The content of components and HSI data of black tea fermentation were obtained.•The relationship between leaf position and key components was discussed.•Different preprocessing and variable selection algorithms were compared.•The quantitative prediction model of key components was established.•The distribution map of key components of fermented leaves was established.
A mathematical model for the overall thermal efficiency of the solar-powered high temperature differential dish-Stirling engine with finite-rate heat transfer, regenerative heat losses, conductive ...thermal bridging losses and finite regeneration processes time is developed. The model takes into consideration the effect of the absorber temperature and the concentrating ratio on the thermal efficiency; radiation and convection heat transfer between the absorber and the working fluid as well as convection heat transfer between the heat sink and the working fluid. The results show that the optimized absorber temperature and concentrating ratio are at about 1100
K and 1300, respectively. The thermal efficiency at optimized condition is about 34%, which is not far away from the corresponding Carnot efficiency at about 50%. Hence, the present analysis provides a new theoretical guidance for designing dish collectors and operating the Stirling heat engine system.
Some biochemical index changes in diabetics with kidney Yin deficiency, which are related to amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism and the changes of intestinal flora.
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•Combining ...the advantages of Chinese and modern medicine may lead to a deeper exploration and diagnosis of diabetes.•Syndromes can reveal the essence of the diabetes in a more comprehensive way, different syndromes have disparate metabolic characteristics, corresponding to disparate biomarkers.•Modern research methods are applied to analyze the main Traditional Chinese Medicine syndromes of diabetes from clinical and basic aspects.•Biomarkers of syndrome classification are intended to be searched according to its symptoms and biochemical indicators.
With the improvement of people's living standard and the changes of environment, the incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM) is on the rise day by day, while clinical treatment mainly aims at lowering blood glucose, instead of fundamental prevention and treatment. What's worse, the measures of prevention and treatment of DM complications remain inadequate. Both Chinese and modern medicine have advantages and disadvantages in treating DM, therefore, it would be a worthy attempt to break through the bottleneck of DM treatment by combining the advantages of both, and explore the new measures to prevent and deal with DM from the perspective of the combination of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) syndrome and modern medicine. In this paper, modern research methods and possible indicators of TCM syndromes of DM were expounded from clinical and basic research aspects, aiming to find specific biomarkers of TCM syndromes, and providing experimental supports for the diagnosis and treatment of DM and the verification of TCM theory.
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