Stem solidness is an important agronomic trait for increasing the ability of wheat to resist lodging. In this study, four new synthetic hexaploid wheat with solid stems were developed from natural ...chromosome doubling of F
hybrids between a solid-stemmed durum wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. durum, 2n = 4x = 28, AABB) and four Aegilops tauschii (2n = 2x = 14, DD) accessions. The solid expression of the second internode at the base of the stem was stable for two synthetic hexalpoid wheat Syn-SAU-117 and Syn-SAU-119 grown in both the greenhouse and field. The lodging resistance of four synthetic solid-stem wheats is stronger than that of CS, and Syn-SAU-116 has the strongest lodging resistance, followed by Syn-SAU-119. The paraffin sections of the second internode showed that four synthetic wheat lines had large outer diameters, well-developed mechanical tissues, large number of vascular bundles, and similar anatomical characteristics with solid-stemmed durum wheat. The chromosomal composition of four synthetic hexaploid wheat was identified by FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) using Oligo-pSc119.2-1 and Oligo-pTa535-1. At adult stage, all four synthetic hexaploid wheat showed high resistance to mixed physiological races of stripe rust pathogen (CYR31, CYR32, CYR33, CYR34). These synthetic hexaploid wheat lines provide new materials for the improvement of common wheat.
Key message
A novel recessive gene
YrZ15-1370
derived from
Triticum boeoticum
confers adult–plant resistance to wheat stripe rust.
Stripe rust, caused by
Puccinia striiformis
f. sp.
tritici
(
Pst
), ...is one of the most damaging diseases of wheat globally and resistance is the effectively control strategy.
Triticum boeoticum
Boiss (
T. monococcum
L. ssp.
aegilopoides
, 2
n
= 2
x
= 14, A
b
A
b
) accession G52 confers a high level of adult–plant resistance against a mixture of the Chinese prevalent
Pst
races. To transfer the resistance to common wheat, a cross was made between G52 and susceptible common wheat genotype Crocus. A highly resistant wheat-
T. boeoticum
introgression line Z15-1370 (F
5
generation) with 42 chromosomes was selected cytologically and by testing with
Pst
races. F
1
, F
2
, and F
2:3
generations of the cross between Z15-1370 and stripe rust susceptible common wheat Mingxian169 were developed. Genetic analysis revealed that the resistance in Z15-1370 was controlled by a single recessive gene, tentatively designated
YrZ15-1370
. Using the bulked segregant RNA-Seq (BSR-Seq) analysis,
YrZ15-1370
was mapped to chromosome 6AL and flanked by markers
KASP1370-3
and
KASP-1370-5
within a 4.3 cM genetic interval corresponding to 1.8 Mb physical region in the Chinese Spring genome, in which a number of disease resistance-related genes were annotated.
YrZ15-1370
differed from previously
Yr
genes identified on chromosome 6A based on its position and/or origin. The
YrZ15-1370
would be a valuable resource for wheat resistance improvement and the flanking markers developed here could be useful tools for marker-assisted selection (MAS) in breeding and further cloning the gene.
Microarc oxidation (MAO) on the surface of medical pure titanium can improve its histocompatibility, and loading drugs on the surface can resist excessive intimal hyperplasia.
In this study, ...salidroside (SAL) was loaded on the surface of porous titanium (Ti) with polydopamine (PDA) carrier. The effects of SAL on the osteogenesis and angiogenesis of Ti implants were studied by phalloidin staining, alizarin red staining, ALP staining, wound-healing assay, cell transwell assay, matrigel tube formation, and osteogenic and angiogenic genes and proteins expression detected by PCR and western blot in vitro. The bone defect model experiments in rats was established in vivo including X-ray, micro CT, hematoxylin and eosin staining (HE), immunohistochemistry (IHC), Goldner's trichrome analysis, Safranin O-fast green staining and determination of contents of TNF-α and IL-6 in serum.
EDS and EDS mapping showed that SAL could be loaded on the surface of the MAO coating by PDA. A drug release experiment showed that SAL loaded on the Ti coating could release slowly and stably without sudden release risk. In vitro cell experiments showed that the SAL coating could promote the proliferation, morphology, calcification and alkaline phosphate activity of MC3T3-E1 cells. At the same time, it promoted the migration and tube formation of HUVEC cells. The SAL coating promoted osteogenesis and angiogenesis by promoting the expression of genes and proteins related to. In vivo experiments, HE and IHC showed that SAL significantly promoted the expression of COL-1 and CD31. Goldner's trichrome and Safranin O-fast green staining showed that SAL coating could increase the new bone tissue around the implantation site. The SAL coating had anti-inflammatory activity by reducing the levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in vivo.
Therefore, SAL could improve osteogenesis and angiogenesis in conjunction with the Ti-PDA coating.
This research focused on the feasibility and stability of applying the forward and reverse combustion approach to the in situ gasification of lignite and bituminous coal with oxygen or oxygen-steam ...mixtures as gasification agents, especially reverse combustion gasification. A high-quality syngas (H sub(2) and CO) could be obtained using the reverse combustion gasification technique combined with forward combustion gasification in a pilot system for in situ gasification. The gasification time was extended more than 25% using the reverse combustion approach. The controlling conditions for reverse combustion gasification were obtained by comparing and analyzing experimental data. The results show the relationship between the inject gas flow within certain limits and velocity of the gasification flame was linear during reverse combustion. The underground conditions of the coal seam and strata were simulated in a pilot-scale underground gasifier during experiments. The combustion gasification of coal was carried out experimentally for over 5 days. The average effective content (H sub(2) and CO) of syngas was in the range of 60-70%, meeting the requirement of synthesis gas. The optimal ranges of gasifying lignite and bituminous coal were found to be 1.5-2.0 and 1.3-1.75, respectively. The product gas flow was proportional to oxygen blast. These are expected to provide useful guidance on practical underground coal gasification operations and to give experimental evidence in support of theory.
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) often establishes a persistent infection that most likely involves a complex host-virus interplay. We previously reported that the HCV nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A) bound to ...cellular protein FKBP38 and resulted in apoptosis suppression in human hepatoma cell line Huh7. In the present research we further found that NS5A increased phosphorylation levels of two mTOR-targeted substrates, S6K1 and 4EBP1, in Huh7 in the absence of serum. mTOR inhibitor rapamycin or NS5A knockdown blocked S6K1 and 4EBP1 phosphorylation increase in NS5A-Huh7 and HCV replicon cells, suggesting that NS5A specifically regulated mTOR activation. Overexpression of NS5A and FKBP38 mutants or FKBP38 knockdown revealed this mTOR activation was dependent on NS5A-FKBP38 interaction. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor LY294002 treatment in NS5A-Huh7 showed that the mTOR activation was independent of PI3K. Moreover, NS5A suppressed caspase 3 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activation, which was abolished by NS5A knockdown or rapamycin, indicating NS5A inhibited apoptosis specifically through the mTOR pathway. Further analyses suggested that apoptotic inhibition exerted by NS5A via mTOR also required NS5A-FKBP38 interaction. Glutathione S-transferase pulldown and co-immunoprecipitation showed that NS5A disrupted the mTOR-FKBP38 association. Additionally, NS5A or FKBP38 mutants recovered the mTOR-FKBP38 interaction; this indicated that the impairment of mTOR-FKBP38 association was dependent on NS5A-FKBP38 binding. Collectively, our data demonstrate that HCV NS5A activates the mTOR pathway to inhibit apoptosis through impairing the interaction between mTOR and FKBP38, which may represent a pivotal mechanism for HCV persistence and pathogenesis.
Unbalanced inflammatory response and lymphocyte apoptosis is associated with high mortality in septic patients. Decoy receptor 3 (DcR3), a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, is ...an anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic factor. Recently, DcR3 expression was found to be increased in septic patients. This study evaluated the therapeutic effect and mechanisms of DcR3 on cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis in mice.
C57BL/6 mice were subjected to CLP-induced polymicrobial sepsis. DcR3 Fc was intravenously injected 30 min before and 6 h after CLP. Bacterial clearance, cytokine production, histology, lymphocyte apoptosis and survival were evaluated. Furthermore, we investigated the systemic effects of DcR3 in in vitro lymphocyte apoptosis regulation.
Our results demonstrated that DcR3 protein treatments significantly improved survival in septic mice (p <0.05). Treatment with DcR3 protein significantly reduced the inflammatory response and decreased lymphocyte apoptosis in the thymus and spleen. Histopathological findings of the lung and liver showed milder impairment after DcR3 administration. In vitro experiments showed that DcR3 Fc inhibited Fas-FasL mediated lymphocyte apoptosis.
Treatment with the DcR3 protein protects mice from sepsis by suppressing the inflammatory response and lymphocyte apoptosis. DcR3 protein may be useful in treatment of sepsis.
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•Workflow developed to classify coal char particles according to combustion behavior.•Workflow allows for accurate modeling of particle combustion in reactor-scale CFD.•3-D ...morphological data from micro-CT imaging used as input to classifier.•Pore-resolving combustion simulations used as training data for classifier.•Highly porous particles classified as accessible or inaccessible hollow spheres.
Combustion of pulverized coal involves millions of particles with a distribution of morphologies. A workflow is presented to characterize, classify, and model distributions of highly porous coal char particles. To understand the impacts of morphology, 3-D pore-resolving combustion simulations for 150 particles imaged with micro-CT are first performed. To facilitate modeling distributions of morphology in reactor-scale CFD, a machine learning algorithm is then trained to classify particles according to their expected combustion behavior and to select an accurate, computationally efficient 1-D particle-scale combustion model. Whereas existing approaches classify particles solely according to morphology and use 2-D measurements, the present approach classifies particles according to combustion behavior, using 3-D morphological data as input and 3-D pore-resolving combustion simulation data for training. To facilitate application of the workflow to other highly porous coal chars, an automated image analysis routine is developed to filter and segment particles and to measure their morphological parameters for use in classification. When using the most appropriate 1-D combustion model for each particle as determined by the 3-D simulations, the average relative error in 1-D effectiveness factors for the 130 particles tested compared to their 3-D effectiveness factors was 9.9%, while the average relative error in 1-D effectiveness factors predicted by the proposed workflow with automated image analysis and a pretrained random forest classifier was 13.7%.
Combustion and gasification of pulverized char often occur under zone II conditions, in which the rate of conversion depends on both heterogeneous reaction and gas transport within the particle's ...porous structure. The morphology of porous char has a strong influence on intra-particle diffusion, and thus, on the overall conversion rate. Because pulverized coal and biomass char particles are often irregularly shaped and contain pores and voids which can approach the size of the particles themselves, conventional models based on spherical symmetry and coarse-grained, upscaled, effective continuum conservation equations are not applicable or appropriate. A recent 3-D, pore-resolving CFD simulation approach based on real char particle geometries obtained from X-ray micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) obviates the need to upscale over large heterogeneities and to make oversimplifying geometric assumptions. The micro-CT-based pore-resolving approach is employed here to study zone II combustion for fifty pulverized, porous coal char particles produced at a high heating rate. The large pores often present in char particles enhance reactant transport throughout the particles, even within the micro- and meso-porous carbon surrounding the large pores. This is particularly the case for network-type particle structures, due to the prominence of channels that extend from the particle surface. Because reactor-scale codes often employ one-dimensional models to calculate the reaction rates of tracked particles, pore-resolving simulations are used to assess the accuracy of existing effectiveness factor models for real char. Cenospherical particles can be reasonably modeled using an effectiveness factor solution for hollow spheres, but the behavior of more complex network morphologies is not well-predicted by any of the effectiveness factor models examined.
Background
The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is a marker of inflammation that can be obtained quickly, conveniently, and cheaply from blood samples. However, there is no research to explore ...the effects of sex and age on the relationship between the NLR and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in community-dwelling older adults.
Methods
A total of 3,169 individuals aged over 60 years in Shanghai were recruited for face-to-face interviews, and blood samples were collected. MCI was assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) scale, and neutrophil count and lymphocyte counts were measured in fasting blood samples. The NLR was calculated by dividing the absolute neutrophil count by the absolute lymphocyte count.
Results
In females, the NLR in the MCI group was significantly higher than that in the cognitively normal group (2.13 ± 0.94 vs. 1.85 ± 0.83,
p
< 0.001) but not in men. Logistic regression showed that a higher NLR was an independent risk factor for MCI in women odds ratio (OR) = 1.28; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.09–1.49. In addition, the elevated NLR quartile was associated with an increased risk of MCI, especially in women older than 70 years (p-value for trend = 0.011).
Conclusion
Compared with males, female MCI patients had a significantly higher NLR than cognitively normal controls. In addition, elevated NLR was found to be significantly associated with MCI risk in women older than 70 years. Therefore, elderly Chinese women with a higher NLR value may be the target population for effective prevention of MCI.
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