Background
Ferroptosis is a novel iron‐dependent form of cell death, which is implicated in various diseases including cancers. However, the influence of ferroptosis‐related genes on the prognosis of ...breast cancer remains unclear.
Methods
RNA sequencing data of 1053 breast cancer tissue samples and 111 normal tissue samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were analyzed. Expression levels of 259 ferroptosis‐related genes were compared. Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Gene and Genomic Encyclopedia (KEGG) analyses were conducted on differentially expressed genes. Cox univariate analysis was conducted to explore the potential prognostic biomarkers of breast cancer. Infiltrating immune cell status was assessed.
Results
A total of 66 ferroptosis‐related genes were differentially expressed in breast cancer tissues. The enriched GO terms included Biological Process (mainly included response to oxidative stress, cellular response to chemical stress, multicellular organismal homeostasis, cofactor metabolic process, response to metal ion, response to steroid hormone, cellular response to oxidative stress, transition metal ion homeostasis, iron ion homeostasis, and cellular iron ion homeostasis), Cellular Component (mainly included apical plasma membrane, early endosome, apical part of cell, lipid droplet, basolateral plasma membrane, blood microparticle, clathrin‐coated pit, caveola, astrocyte projection, and pronucleus) and Molecular Function (mainly included iron ion binding, ubiquitin protein ligase binding, oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH−OH group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor, ferric iron binding, aldo−keto reductase (NADP) activity, oxidoreductase activity, acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen, steroid dehydrogenase activity, alditol:NADP+1−oxidoreductase activity, and alcohol dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity). The enriched KEGG pathway mainly included the HIF‐1 signaling pathway, NOD‐like receptor signaling pathway, ferroptosis, IL‐17 signaling pathway, central carbon metabolism in cancer, PPAR signaling pathway, PD‐L1 expression, and PD‐1 checkpoint pathway in cancer. Among them, 38 ferroptosis‐related genes were significantly associated with the prognosis of breast cancer. The prognostic model was constructed, and breast cancer patients in low‐risk group had a better prognosis. In addition, risk score of ferroptosis prognostic model was negatively correlated with B cells (r = −0.063, p = 0.049), CD8+ T cells (r = −0.083, p = 0.010), CD4+ T cells (r = −0.097, p = 0.002), neutrophils (r = −0.068, p = 0.033), and dendritic cells (r = 0.088, p = 0.006).
Conclusions
The ferroptosis pathway plays a key role in breast cancer. Some differentially expressed ferroptosis‐related genes can be used as prognostic biomarkers for breast cancer.
A: A forest plot of Cox univariate analysis. B: A forest plot of Cox multivariate analysis. C: Survival‐dependent receiver operating characteristic curves for risk score, age, tumor size, and lymph node statue and metastasis statue.
This study develops a single‐atom Pt‐loaded graphitic carbon nitride (SA‐Pt/CN) and evaluates its piezo‐flexocatalytic properties by conducting a hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and Rhodamine B ...(RB) dye degradation test under ultrasonic vibration in the dark. SA‐Pt/CN has a hydrogen gas yield of 1283.8 µmol g−1 h−1, which is 23.3 times higher than that of pristine g‐C3N4. Moreover, SA‐Pt/CN enhances the dye degradation reaction rate by ≈2.3 times compared with the pristine sample. SA‐Pt/CN exhibits lattice distortion and strain gradient enlargement caused by the single atom Pt at the N sites of g‐C3N4, which disrupts the symmetric structure and contributes to the enhancement of piezoelectric and flexoelectric polarization. As far as it is known, this is the first study to investigate the piezo‐flexocatalytic reaction of SA‐Pt/CN without light irradiation and provides new insights into single‐atom piezocatalysts.
Single‐atom Pt‐loaded graphitic carbon nitride (SA‐Pt/CN) exhibits lattice distortion and strain gradient enlargement caused by the single‐atom Pt at the N sites of g‐C3N4, disrupts the symmetric structure and contributes to the enhancement of piezoelectric and flexoelectric polarization.
Ce0.1Ti0.9O2 and H3PW12O40/Ce0.1Ti0.9O2 catalysts were synthesized with a sol–gel method to form dimethyl carbonate (DMC) at reaction temperatures T = 110, 170, and 220 °C and volumetric flow-rate ...ratios CO2/N2 = 1/4, 1/7, and 1/9. The zeolite-like properties of H3PW12O40/Ce0.1Ti0.9O2 with an organized Keggin heteropolyacid structure were demonstrated from X-ray diffraction patterns and Fourier transform infrared spectra. 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectra indicated that the Keggin heteropolyacid structure was formed through the addition of heteropoly acid (H3PW12O40). The bond lengths between titanium (Ti(IV)) and its adjacent atoms in the first shell (TiO) of Ce0.1Ti0.9O2 and H3PW12O40/Ce0.1Ti0.9O2 were 1.90 and 1.86 Å, respectively, confirmed with EXAFS spectra. At 170 °C and CO2/N2 = 1/7, the optimal methanol conversion (5.5%), DMC selectivity (91.4%), and DMC yield (5.0%) of H3PW12O40/Ce0.1Ti0.9O2 were greater than those of Ce0.1Ti0.9O2. Linear regressions of the pseudo-first-order model indicated that the largest rate constant (4.16 × 10−3 min−1), turnover number (TON = 29.07), and turnover frequency (TOF = 4.85 × 10−2 min−1) of DMC formation were obtained with H3PW12O40/Ce0.1Ti0.9O2 at 170 °C and CO2/N2 = 1/7. A reaction mechanism induced by oxygen vacancies over the surfaces of Ce0.1Ti0.9O2 and H3PW12O40/Ce0.1Ti0.9O2 is proposed to describe the formation of DMC.
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•A Keggin heteropolyacid structure of catalysts was prepared and verified.•Ti(IV)O bondings of Ce0.1Ti0.9O2 and H3PW12O40/Ce0.1Ti0.9O2 were 1.90 and 1.86 Å.•More valuable DMC can be formed by CH3OH carbonation over H3PW12O40/Ce0.1Ti0.9O2.•DMC formation can be tuned by reaction temperature and CO2/N2 volumetric ratio.•An oxygen-vacancies-induced mechanism of DMC formation was proposed.
A simple and facile chemical route is used to synthesize Pt nanoparticles (NPs) on ZnO nanrods (NRs) for use as photoelectrodes. The EDS and XPS results show that the loading amount of Pt NPs ...increases with the concentration of Pt precursor, but the metallic state of Pt element in NPs decreases. Photoluminescence and electrochemical impedance measurements demonstrate that the decoration of Pt NPs achieves efficient separation efficiency of photogenerated electron-hole pairs and fast charge transfer, respectively. Notably, the photoelectrochemical (PEC) results clearly show that Pt-decorated ZnO NRs have greater PEC activity and stability compared to pristine ZnO NRs.
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•ZnO-ZnS/graphene photocatalysts are active for H2 production from glycerol solution.•Interfacial electronic states of ZnO-ZnS/graphene were measured by in-situ X-ray ...absorption.•NEXAFS spectra show that photoelectrons transport from ZnO-ZnS to graphene through CO bonding.•Graphene and glycerol content are optimized for a H2 production rate of 1070 μmol h−1 g−1.•88% photocatalytic activity of recycled photocatalyst is retained after 3 cycles.
Glycerol is a byproduct of biodiesel manufacturing. The room temperature photocatalytic hydrogen generation from glycerol by the ZnO-ZnS/graphene photocatalyst was investigated. The in-situ C K-edge near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectra were measured with/without light illumination to study the electronic properties of photocatalysts at atomic and molecular level. A mechanism of water splitting and glycerol oxidation/reforming reactions over the photocatalyst under light irradiation is proposed. Effects of graphene content in photocatalysts and glycerol concentration in solution on the photocatalytic activity were examined. The results of enhanced photocurrents, fluorescence quenching, NEXAFS spectra, and decreased arc radius of electrochemical impedance spectra of ZnO-ZnS/graphene photocatalysts revealed the fast transfer of photoexcited electrons from ZnO-ZnS nanoparticles to graphene. There was an optimal graphene content and a glycerol concentration for the maximum photocatalytic H2 production rate (1070 μmol h−1 g−1). Incorporation of graphene can enhance the separation of photogenerated charge through the ZnO-ZnS/graphene interfaces and improve the photocatalytic H2 production rate of the photocatalysts. The composite photocatalysts exhibited improved performance because of efficient charge separation and enhanced light absorption.
Efficient and selective generation of hydrogen and formic acid from photoelectrochemical plastics reforming.
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•Facile synthesis of Ni-P/CNTs composite with high HER activity was ...revealed.•Role of P in determining electrocatalytic activity of Ni-P was uncovered.•CV-activated Ni-P showed high activity towards oxidation of water, EG and PET.•CV-activated Ni-P showed high selectivity in converting EG and PET into formate.•Efficient and selective PEC platform for plastics reforming was demonstrated.
Photoelectrochemical reforming of plastic waste offers an environmentally-benign and sustainable route for hydrogen generation. Nonetheless, little attention was paid to develop electrocatalysts that can efficiently and selectively catalyze oxidative transformation of valueless plastic wastes into valued chemicals. Herein, we report on facile electrosynthesis of nickel-phosphorus nanospheres (nanoNi-P), and their versatility in catalyzing hydrogen generation, water oxidation, and reforming of polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Notably, composite of nanoNi-P with carbon nanotubes (CNT/nanoNi-P) requires −180 mV overpotential to drive hydrogen generation at -100 mA cm−2. Besides, CV-activated nanoNi-P (nanoNi-P(CV)) was shown to be capable of reforming PET into formate with high selectivity (Faradic efficiency= ∼100 %). Efficient and selective generation of hydrogen and formate from PET reforming is realized utilizing an Earth-abundant photoelectrochemical platform based on nanoNi-P(CV)-modified TiO2 nanorods photoanode and CNT/nanoNi-P cathode. This work paves a path for developing artificial leaf for simultaneous environmental mitigation and photosynthesis of renewable fuels and valued chemicals.
A microreformer that consists of arrayed zinc oxide nanorods (ZnO NRs) with copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs; see picture) is an active catalyst for the conversion of methanol into hydrogen.
In this work, we have fabricated a highly sensitive direct irradiating X-ray photodetector (DXPD) based on Zinc Gallium Oxide (ZnGa2O4) epilayers with a metal-semiconductor-metal structure. The ...ZnGa2O4 epilayers were grown on a c-plane sapphire substrate by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). To test the DXPD's capabilities, we subjected it to a synchrotron hard X-ray source with an energy of 10 keV, and measured incident radiation flux ranging from 5.7✕107 to 4.6 ✕1011 counts/sec. The effect of changing the applied bias voltage on the time response of the DXPD was investigated. The sensitivity of hard XPDs was compared using gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3) epilayer grown by MOCVD. The results showed that ZnGa2O4 DXPD had approximately 104 times greater sensitivity than the β-Ga2O3 based XPD. ZnGa2O4 based detectors also exhibited remarkable sensitivity of 2.87 × 109 μC Gyair−1cm−2 for the incident flux of 5.7✕107 counts/sec at 15 V. Additionally, the sensitivity was examined in terms of applied bias and dose rate. Based on these observations, it can be concluded that ZnGa2O4 epilayers grown by MOCVD hold immense potential for use in high-performance hard XPDs.
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