In this paper, the data from 2008 to 2020 of enterprises in different types of pollution industries of A-share listed companies in China are selected as samples. Through empirical demonstration, the ...following conclusions are drawn: First, command-based and market-based environmental regulations can effectively promote enterprises’ green innovation behavior, and command-based environmental regulations have threshold effect. Maximize the effect of green innovation within moderate intensity; otherwise, its output will be inhibited; The effect of public participation environmental regulation is not significant. Second, command-based environmental regulation, market-based environmental regulation and public-participation environmental regulation can effectively promote the improvement of enterprise environmental performance, but the good realization of environmental performance in the early stage has a restraining effect on the current value. Third, different forms of environmental regulation tools both short-term and long-term value of the enterprise has a significant role in promoting, but for the effects of long-term value is greater than the short-term profit, mainly through environmental regulation under the action of enterprise green innovation “innovation” and “first-mover advantage” and “reputation effect” of environmental performance. Fourth, under environmental regulations, enterprises’ regulation rent-seeking behavior is beneficial to enterprises’ short-term environmental performance and economic profit increase, but in the long run, it inhibits enterprises’ green innovation behavior and long-term value growth. Fifthly, by virtue of the information transmission function focused by the media, environmental regulation has a significant promoting effect on enterprises’ green innovation output, environmental performance improvement and long-term value growth, but leads to a downward trend of enterprises’ short-term profits.
The genetic identification of different types of natural gas is notably important for assessment of its sources and exploration potential. The chemical and isotopic (C and H, in particular) ...compositions of natural gas vary significantly due to the complexity of its generation, migration, and accumulation processes. The “coal-type” gas generated from humic matter is generally enriched in 13C as compared to "oil-type" gas generated from sapropelic organic matter. However, gas originating from fresh-brackish water environments is depleted in 13C whereas gas from saline environments is enriched in 13C. Notwithstanding organic precusors and sedimentary environments, both isotope compositions of alkanes tend to become enriched both in 13C and 2H with prograde thermal evolution. Therefore, in addition to thermal maturity, source material is the major controlling factor of carbon isotope compositions, whereas sedimentary environment is predominant in governing hydrogen isotopes. Secondary processes, including thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR) and diffusion, result in an enrichment of the gases in 13C and 2H due to mass-dependent kinetic isotope effect. Microbial degradation causes a decrease in propane content and an enrichment in 12C and 2H of the residual propane. The abiogenic gases may include methane from deep mantle and high molecular weight hydrocarbons through Fischer-Tropsch type (FTT) synthesis. Methane of mantle origin possesses a narrow range of isotope compositions, although it is still a tall task to determine the exact values. In contrast, isotopes of alkane gases synthesized from FTT processes are in a wide range. In sedimentary basins, the mixing of gases from multiple sources and/or through different secondary processes may pose a challenage to identification of their origins. The detailed assessment is provided here with case studies from major oil and gas basins in China. This review provides identification of misconceptions in genetic types of natural gas using carbon and hydrogen isotopes of alkanes, and sheds insights into using isotope geochemistry as an important diagnostic tool for energy exploration as well.
Classification of natural gas and traditional geochemical methods for genetic identification of natural gas are reviewed.The effect of geological background and secondary alteration on δ13C and δ2H of light alkanes is assessed.New diagnostic tools for genetic classification of natural gas are suggested.
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has become a global pandemic. It is unclear whether ...convalescing patients have a risk of reinfection. We generated a rhesus macaque model of SARS-CoV-2 infection that was characterized by interstitial pneumonia and systemic viral dissemination mainly in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. Rhesus macaques reinfected with the identical SARS-CoV-2 strain during the early recovery phase of the initial SARS-CoV-2 infection did not show detectable viral dissemination, clinical manifestations of viral disease, or histopathological changes. Comparing the humoral and cellular immunity between primary infection and rechallenge revealed notably enhanced neutralizing antibody and immune responses. Our results suggest that primary SARS-CoV-2 exposure protects against subsequent reinfection in rhesus macaques.
A novel hot-press molding method was developed to manufacture all-composite sandwich panel with tetrahedral truss cores in this paper. The out-of-plane compressive and in-plane shear behaviors of ...this structure were investigated by experiments. The results have shown that the tetrahedral truss core sandwich panel had a high compressive specific strength compared to metallic truss core sandwich panels. The node failure was observed in the experimental process. Finite element analysis (FEA) with a progressive failure model was involved to simulate the damage evolution process and predict the mechanical properties. The analytical formulae were also presented to predict the stiffness and strength of sandwich panel. Good agreement was found between FEA calculated results and the experimental results. It is expected that this study can provide useful information for the fabrication and application of all-composite tetrahedral truss core sandwich panel.
•The aroma-active compounds of ‘Keitt’ mango juice produced in China were identified.•The changes of 12 major aroma-active compounds during processing were characterized.•Quantitative descriptive ...analysis was applied to validate the sensory differences.•This work would help to understand aroma determinants during mango processing.
The commercial mango cultivar Keitt lacks a theoretical foundation for aroma control during processing. To discriminate the aroma-active compounds in fresh mango juice, odor activity value (OAV) and detection frequency analysis (DFA) were used collaboratively. A total of 12 components were identified as major aroma-active compounds, among which 2,4-dimethylstyrene was firstly confirmed as an aroma compound in mango. The changes of aromatic compounds during pasteurization and high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) sterilization were further studied. Quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) was applied to validate the sensory differences. Principal component analysis (PCA) based on aroma compound variation coincided with the overall note. QDA demonstrated that fresh mango juice was the most accepted, followed by HHP and pasteurized juices. The finding might be well correlated with the differences in 6 odor notes. This work would help to better understand and control the critical aroma determinants for mango juice processing.
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification, as a common epigenetic modification, has been widely studied in autoimmune diseases. However, the role of m6A in the regulation of the immune microenvironment ...of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) remains unclear. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effect of m6A modification on the immune microenvironment of AS. We first evaluated RNA modification patterns mediated by 26 m6A regulators in 52 AS samples and 20 healthy samples. Thereafter, an m6A related classifier composed of seven genes was constructed and could effectively distinguish healthy and AS samples. Then, the correlation between m6A regulators and immune characteristics were investigated, including infiltrating immunocytes, immune reactions activity, and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes expression. The results indicated that m6A regulators was closely correlated with immune characteristics. For example, EIF3A was significantly related to infiltrating immunocytes; IGF2BP2 and EIF3A were significant regulators in immune reaction of TGF-β family member, and the expression of HLA-DPA1 and HLA-E were affected by EIF3A and ALKBH5. Next, two distinct m6A expression patterns were identified through unsupervised clustering analysis, and diverse immune characteristics were found between them. A total of 5889 m6A phenotype-related genes were obtained between the two expression patterns, and their biological functions were revealed. Finally, we validated the expression status of m6A modification regulators using two additional datasets. Our findings illustrate that m6A modifications play a critical role in the diversity and complexity of the AS immune microenvironment.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is highly transmitted through the respiratory route, but potential extra-respiratory routes of SARS-CoV-2 transmission remain uncertain. ...Here we inoculated five rhesus macaques with 1 × 10
TCID
of SARS-CoV-2 conjunctivally (CJ), intratracheally (IT), and intragastrically (IG). Nasal and throat swabs collected from CJ and IT had detectable viral RNA at 1-7 days post-inoculation (dpi). Viral RNA was detected in anal swabs from only the IT group at 1-7 dpi. Viral RNA was undetectable in tested swabs and tissues after intragastric inoculation. The CJ infected animal had a higher viral load in the nasolacrimal system than the IT infected animal but also showed mild interstitial pneumonia, suggesting distinct virus distributions. This study shows that infection via the conjunctival route is possible in non-human primates; further studies are necessary to compare the relative risk and pathogenesis of infection through these different routes in more detail.
Taking into account noise from intrinsic ellipticities of source galaxies, in this paper, we study the peak statistics in weak-lensing convergence maps around clusters of galaxies and beyond. We ...emphasize how the noise peak statistics is affected by the density distribution of nearby clusters, and also how cluster-peak signals are changed by the existence of noise. These are the important aspects to be thoroughly understood in weak-lensing analyses for individual clusters as well as in cosmological applications of weak-lensing cluster statistics. We adopt Gaussian smoothing with the smoothing scale {theta} {sub G} = 0.5arcmin in our analyses. It is found that the noise peak distribution near a cluster of galaxies sensitively depends on the density profile of the cluster. For a cored isothermal cluster with the core radius R{sub c} , the inner region with R {<=} R{sub c} appears noisy containing on average {approx}2.4 peaks with {nu} {>=} 5 for R{sub c} = 1.7arcmin and the true peak height of the cluster {nu} = 5.6, where {nu} denotes the convergence signal-to-noise ratio. For a Navarro-Frenk-White (NFW) cluster of the same mass and the same central {nu}, the average number of peaks with {nu} {>=} 5 within R {<=} R{sub c} is {approx}1.6. Thus a high peak corresponding to the main cluster can be identified more cleanly in the NFW case. In the outer region with R{sub c} < R {<=} 5R{sub c} , the number of high noise peaks is considerably enhanced in comparison with that of the pure noise case without the nearby cluster. For {nu} {>=} 4, depending on the treatment of the mass-sheet degeneracy in weak-lensing analyses, the enhancement factor f is in the range of {approx}5 to {approx}55 for both clusters as their outer density profiles are similar. The properties of the main-cluster-peak identified in convergence maps are also significantly affected by the presence of noise. Scatters as well as a systematic shift for the peak height are present. The height distribution is peaked at {nu} {approx} 6.6, rather than at {nu} = 5.6, corresponding to a shift of {Delta}{nu} {approx} 1, for the isothermal cluster. For the NFW cluster, {Delta}{nu} {approx} 0.8. The existence of noise also causes a location offset for the weak-lensing identified main-cluster-peak with respect to the true center of the cluster. The offset distribution is very broad and extends to R {approx} R{sub c} for the isothermal case. For the NFW cluster, it is relatively narrow and peaked at R {approx} 0.2R{sub c} . We also analyze NFW clusters of different concentrations. It is found that the more centrally concentrated the mass distribution of a cluster is, the less its weak-lensing signal is affected by noise. Incorporating these important effects and the mass function of NFW dark matter halos, we further present a model calculating the statistical abundances of total convergence peaks, true and false ones, over a large field beyond individual clusters. The results are in good agreement with those from numerical simulations. The model then allows us to probe cosmologies with the convergence peaks directly without the need of expensive follow-up observations to differentiate true and false peaks.
In ancient China, an unobstructed, convenient and efficient transmission system nationwide was established for long-distance transmission of information. The transmission system works to different ...degrees in different regions, which is an important index to measure the interregional information level. Yet, some minor differences, may not be easily sensed by people subjectively. Identifying and quantifying the influences of information transmission efficiency is the best way to solve this problem. Based on the historical information map visualized by ArcGIS software, this study established a hierarchy evaluation model suitable for the analysis of ancient information transmission efficiency from three aspects of Wei-Suo system, beacon system and post system. The information transmission systems in five different regions of Wenzhou in the Ming Dynasty were quantitatively explored respectively. The results break through the qualitative conclusions of the general studies, and find out that the overall information transmission efficiency of Wenzhou in Ming Dynasty was strong in coastal, northern and southern regions, but weak in inland and central regions, which was closely related to the geographical environment and military defense demands in coastal areas of the Ming Dynasty. The model is proven to greatly contribute to judging the spatial configuration of ancient information transmission system in different regions, and provides a new idea for the study on ancient information transmission system.
Soil microorganisms play a crucial role in remediating contaminated soils in modern ecosystems. However, the potential of combining microorganisms with legumes to enhance the remediation of heavy ...metal-contaminated soils remains unexplored. To investigate this, we isolated and purified a highly efficient cadmium and lead-tolerant strain. Through soil-cultivated pot experiments with two leguminous plants (
Robinia pseudoacacia
L. and
Sophora xanthantha
), we studied the effects of applying this microbial agent on plant nutrient uptake of soil nutrients, heavy metal accumulation, and the dynamics of heavy metal content. Additionally, we examined the response characteristics of inter-root microbial and bacterial communities. The results demonstrated that microorganisms screened from heavy metal-contaminated soil environments exhibited strong survival and adaptability in heavy metal solutions. The use of the
Serratia marcescens
WZ14 strain-phytoremediation significantly increased the soil’s ammonium nitrogen (AN) and organic carbon (OC) contents compared to monoculture. In addition, the lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) contents of the soil significantly decreased after combined remediation than those of the soil before potting. However, the remediation effects on Pb- and Cd-contaminated soils differed between the two legumes following the
Serratia marcescens
WZ14 inoculation. The combined restoration altered the composition of the plant inter-rhizosphere bacterial community, with the increase in the relative abundance of both Proteobacteria and Firmicutes. Overall, the combined remediation using the tolerant strain WZ14 with legumes proved advantageous. It effectively reduced the heavy metal content of the soil, minimized the risk of heavy metal migration, and enhanced heavy metal uptake, accumulation, and translocation in the legumes of
S. xanthantha
and
R. pseudoacacia
. Additionally, it improved the adaptability and resistance of both legumes, leading to an overall improvement in the soil’s environmental quality. These studies can offer primary data and technical support for remediating and treating Cd and Pb in soils, as well as rehabilitating mining sites.
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