Abstract
This paper uses over 30 million individual-level trips in federal recreation locations to investigate the impact of short-term temperature shocks on outdoor recreation activities. Our ...results show that in the short term, a
1
∘
C temperature increase during the last six months increases the total trip duration by 1.197 d (or a 4.12% increase) and the total number of trips by 0.472 (or a 5.44% increase) at the zipcode-month level. The positive effect is primarily driven by the increased number of trips and more in-state travel. We find that the impact of temperature on the number of recreation trips generally increases under a higher temperature. When the monthly temperature is below
5
∘
C, the temperature increase will reduce the number of trips as individuals in low-temperature regions are likely to reduce travel when the temperature gets warmer.
This article surveys and organizes research works in a new paradigm in natural language processing, which we dub “prompt-based learning.” Unlike traditional supervised learning, which trains a model ...to take in an input x and predict an output y as P(y|x), prompt-based learning is based on language models that model the probability of text directly. To use these models to perform prediction tasks, the original input x is modified using a template into a textual string prompt x′ that has some unfilled slots, and then the language model is used to probabilistically fill the unfilled information to obtain a final string x̂, from which the final output y can be derived. This framework is powerful and attractive for a number of reasons: It allows the language model to be pre-trained on massive amounts of raw text, and by defining a new prompting function the model is able to perform few-shot or even zero-shot learning, adapting to new scenarios with few or no labeled data. In this article, we introduce the basics of this promising paradigm, describe a unified set of mathematical notations that can cover a wide variety of existing work, and organize existing work along several dimensions, e.g., the choice of pre-trained language models, prompts, and tuning strategies. To make the field more accessible to interested beginners, we not only make a systematic review of existing works and a highly structured typology of prompt-based concepts but also release other resources, e.g., a website NLPedia–Pretrain including constantly updated survey and paperlist.
The metastatic cancer of unknown primary (CUP) sites remains a leading cause of cancer death with few therapeutic options. The aberrant DNA methylation (DNAm) is the most important risk factor for ...cancer, which has certain tissue specificity. However, how DNAm alterations in tumors differ among the regulatory network of multi-omics remains largely unexplored. Therefore, there is room for improvement in our accuracy in the prediction of tumor origin sites and a need for better understanding of the underlying mechanisms. In our study, an integrative analysis based on multi-omics data and molecular regulatory network uncovered genome-wide methylation mechanism and identified 23 epi-driver genes. Apart from the promoter region, we also found that the aberrant methylation within the gene body or intergenic region was significantly associated with gene expression. Significant enrichment analysis of the epi-driver genes indicated that these genes were highly related to cellular mechanisms of tumorigenesis, including T-cell differentiation, cell proliferation, and signal transduction. Based on the ensemble algorithm, six CpG sites located in five epi-driver genes were selected to construct a tissue-specific classifier with a better accuracy (>95%) using TCGA datasets. In the independent datasets and the metastatic cancer datasets from GEO, the accuracy of distinguishing tumor subtypes or original sites was more than 90%, showing better robustness and stability. In summary, the integration analysis of large-scale omics data revealed complex regulation of DNAm across various cancer types and identified the epi-driver genes participating in tumorigenesis. Based on the aberrant methylation status located in epi-driver genes, a classifier that provided the highest accuracy in tracing back to the primary sites of metastatic cancer was established. Our study provides a comprehensive and multi-omics view of DNAm-associated changes across cancer types and has potential for clinical application.
Direct solar steam generation (DSSG) offers a promising, sustainable, and environmentally friendly solution to the energy and water crisis. In the past decades, DSSG has gained tremendous attention ...due to its potential applications for clean water production, desalination, wastewater treatment, and electric energy harvesting. Even though the solar–thermal conversion efficiency has approached 100% under 1 sun illumination (1 kW m−2) using various photothermal materials and systems, the optimization of the materials and system structure remains unclear because of the lack of evaluation methods in unity for the output efficiency. In this review, a few key concerns about different dimensional materials and systems that determine the characteristics of DSSG are explored. Quantitative analysis, including calculations and methods for the solar–thermal conversion efficiency, evaporation rate, and energy loss, is employed to evaluate the materials and systems from the point of view of ultimate utilization. This article focuses on the relationship between the system dimension and energy efficiency and notes opportunities for future system design and commercialization of DSSG.
Direct solar steam generation requires multifunctional materials for powerful light absorption, well‐performing heat management, and sufficient water transport ability. The development and evolution of materials and system structures from 0D to 3D are summarized. Performance evaluations including efficiency, evaporation rate, and heat loss calculations, along with multifunctional utilizations, are highlighted.
Local-Set-Based Graph Signal Reconstruction Wang, Xiaohan; Liu, Pengfei; Gu, Yuantao
IEEE transactions on signal processing,
2015-May1,, 2015-5-00, Letnik:
63, Številka:
9
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Signal processing on graph is attracting more and more attentions. For a graph signal in the low-frequency subspace, the missing data associated with unsampled vertices can be reconstructed through ...the sampled data by exploiting the smoothness of the graph signal. In this paper, the concept of local set is introduced and two local-set-based iterative methods are proposed to reconstruct bandlimited graph signal from sampled data. In each iteration, one of the proposed methods reweights the sampled residuals for different vertices, while the other propagates the sampled residuals in their respective local sets. These algorithms are built on frame theory and the concept of local sets, based on which several frames and contraction operators are proposed. We then prove that the reconstruction methods converge to the original signal under certain conditions and demonstrate the new methods lead to a significantly faster convergence compared with the baseline method. Furthermore, the correspondence between graph signal sampling and time-domain irregular sampling is analyzed comprehensively, which may be helpful to future works on graph signals. Computer simulations are conducted. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the reconstruction methods in various sampling geometries, imprecise priori knowledge of cutoff frequency, and noisy scenarios.
Symmetry formulated by group theory plays an essential role with respect to the laws of nature, from fundamental particles to condensed-matter systems. Here, by combining symmetry analysis and model ...calculations, we elucidate that the crystallographic symmetry groups of a vast number of magnetic materials with light elements, in which the neglect of relativistic spin-orbit coupling (SOC) is an appropriate approximation, are considerably larger than the conventional magnetic groups. Thus, a symmetry description that involves partially decoupled spin and spatial rotations, dubbed spin group, is required. We derive the classifications of spin point groups describing coplanar and collinear magnetic structures, and the irreducible corepresentations of spin space groups illustrating more energy degeneracies that are disallowed by magnetic groups. One consequence of the spin group is the new antiunitary symmetries that protect SOC-freeZ2topological phases with unprecedented surface-node structures. Our work not only manifests the physical reality of materials with weak SOC, but also sheds light on the understanding of all solids with and without SOC by a unified group theory.
Li‐rich cathode materials have attracted increasing attention because of their high reversible discharge capacity (>250 mA h g−1), which originates from transition metal (TM) ion redox reactions and ...unconventional oxygen anion redox reactions. However, many issues need to be addressed before their practical applications, such as their low kinetic properties and inefficient voltage fading. The development of cutting‐edge technologies has led to cognitive advances in theory and offer potential solutions to these problems. Herein, a recent in‐depth understanding of the mechanisms and the frontier electrochemical research progress of Li‐rich cathodes are reviewed. In addition, recent advances associated with various strategies to promote the performance and the development of modification methods are discussed. In particular, excluding Li‐rich Mn‐based (LRM) cathodes, other branches of the Li‐rich cathode materials are also summarized. The consistent pursuit is to obtain energy storage devices with high capacity, reliable practicability, and absolute safety. The recent literature and ongoing efforts in this area are also described, which will create more opportunities and new ideas for the future development of Li‐rich cathode materials.
The practical applications of Li‐rich cathode materials, especially Li‐rich Mn‐based (LRM) cathodes, are hindered by their inherent shortcomings. In this case, the recent understanding of complex reaction mechanisms, the novel modification methods, and the corresponding development trends are comprehensively reviewed. Additionally, other branches and the future opportunities of the Li‐rich cathode materials are also summarized.
Rice straw is one of the major organic materials introduced to rice field soils and its incorporation strongly enhances the emission of CH4. We incubated unamended and straw-amended Italian paddy ...soil under anaerobic conditions and studied the functional (carbon source, rate, pathway) and structural (abundance, taxonomic composition) responses of methanogenic microbial communities progressively in samples taken after 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 days. Initially, rice straw significantly enhanced CH4 production rates. Later on, the values strongly decreased with the progress of rice straw degradation. The contribution of rice straw to CH4 production decreased with progressing anaerobic incubation. This decrease was paralleled by an increase of the contribution of hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis to CH4 production indicating a change in the network of bacterial and archaeal microbial communities. The methanogenic and bacterial communities indeed strongly responded to rice straw amendment and exhibited a distinct succession over the subsequent degradation periods. Network analysis of both 16S rRNA and Methyl coenzyme M reductase (mcrA) genes showed apparent co-occurrence of fermenting bacteria and CH4-producing archaea belonging to distinct operational taxonomic units (OTU) demonstrating strong functional and structural responses of methanogenic microbial communities to progressing rice straw degradation. Clostridiales, Fibrobacterales, and two Bacteroidetes groups (WCHB1-32 and Sphingobacteriales), as well as Anaerolineales and Bacteroidetes environmental group vadinHA17 were important bacterial taxa. Acetoclastic Methanosarcina and Methanothrix (‘Methanosaeta’) as well as hydrogentrophic Methanocella were important archaeal taxa involved in rice straw degradation.
•Contribution of rice straw to methanogenesis decreased with time of anaerobic incubation.•Fermenting bacteria and methanogenic archaea were organized in networks.•Rice straw amendment resulted in increased complexity of the networks.•The networks changed with progressing straw degradation.•First acetoclastic, then hydrogenotrophic methanogenic networks dominated.
Ferroptosis is a non-apoptotic mode of regulated cell death that is iron and lipid peroxidation dependent. As new mechanistic insight into ferroptotic effectors and how they are regulated in ...different disease contexts is uncovered, our understanding of the physiological and pathological relevance of this mode of cell death continues to grow. Along these lines, a host of pharmacological modulators of this pathway have been identified, targeting proteins involved in iron homeostasis; the generation and reduction of lipid peroxides; or cystine import and glutathione metabolism. Also, of note, many components of the ferroptosis cascade are target genes of the transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), indicating its critical role in mediating the ferroptotic response. In this review, we discuss the in vitro, in vivo, and clinical evidence of ferroptosis in disease, including a brief discussion of targeting upstream mediators of this cascade, including NRF2, to treat ferroptosis-driven diseases.
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In this review, Anandhan and Dodson et al. summarize key components of the ferroptosis cascade, including recent experimental evidence indicating a role for this novel mode of cell death in disease. The concept of targeting upstream mediators of ferroptosis, including the NRF2 pathway, to treat disease is also discussed.
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