Quantum resource theories have been widely studied to systematically characterize the nonclassicality of quantum systems. Most resource theories focus on quantum states and study their ...interconversions. Although quantum channels are generally used as a tool for state manipulation, such a manipulation capability can be naturally regarded as a generalized quantum resource, leading to an open research direction in the resource theories of quantum channels. Various resource-theoretic properties of the channels have been investigated, however, without treating the channels themselves as operational resources that can also be manipulated and converted. In this Rapid Communication, we address this problem by first proposing a general resource framework for quantum channels and introducing resource monotones based on general distance quantifiers of the channels. We study the interplay between the channel and state resource theories by relating the resource monotones of a quantum channel to its manipulation power of the state resource. Regarding channels as operational resources, we introduce asymptotic channel distillation and dilution, the most important tasks in an operational resource theory, and show how to bound the conversion rates with the channel resource monotones. Finally, we apply our results to quantum coherence as an example and introduce the coherence of channels, which characterizes the coherence generation ability of channels. We consider asymptotic channel distillation and dilution with maximally incoherent operations and find the theory asymptotically irreversible, in contrast to the asymptotic reversibility of the coherence of states.
The resource framework of quantum coherence was introduced by Baumgratz, Cramer, and Plenio Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 140401 (2014) and further developed by Winter and Yang Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 120404 ...(2016). We consider the one-shot problem of distilling pure coherence from a single instance of a given resource state. Specifically, we determine the distillable coherence with a given fidelity under incoherent operations (IO) through a generalization of the Winter-Yang protocol. This is compared to the distillable coherence under maximal incoherent operations (MIO) and dephasing-covariant incoherent operations (DIO), which can be cast as a semidefinite programme, that has been presented previously by Regula et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 010401 (2018). Our results are given in terms of a smoothed min-relative entropy distance from the incoherent set of states, and a variant of the hypothesis-testing relative entropy distance, respectively. The one-shot distillable coherence is also related to one-shot randomness extraction. Moreover, from the one-shot formulas under IO, MIO, and DIO, we can recover the optimal distillable rate in the many-copy asymptotics, yielding the relative entropy of coherence. These results can be compared with previous work by some of the present authors Zhao et al. , Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 070403 (2018) on one-shot coherence formation under IO, MIO, DIO and also SIO. This shows that the amount of distillable coherence is essentially the same for IO, DIO, and MIO, despite the fact that the three classes of operations are very different. We also relate the distillable coherence under strictly incoherent operations (SIO) to a constrained hypothesis testing problem and explicitly show the existence of bound coherence under SIO in the asymptotic regime.
Upland cotton is a model for polyploid crop domestication and transgenic improvement. Here we sequenced the allotetraploid Gossypium hirsutum L. acc. TM-1 genome by integrating whole-genome shotgun ...reads, bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)-end sequences and genotype-by-sequencing genetic maps. We assembled and annotated 32,032 A-subgenome genes and 34,402 D-subgenome genes. Structural rearrangements, gene loss, disrupted genes and sequence divergence were more common in the A subgenome than in the D subgenome, suggesting asymmetric evolution. However, no genome-wide expression dominance was found between the subgenomes. Genomic signatures of selection and domestication are associated with positively selected genes (PSGs) for fiber improvement in the A subgenome and for stress tolerance in the D subgenome. This draft genome sequence provides a resource for engineering superior cotton lines.
The learnability of Pauli noise Chen, Senrui; Liu, Yunchao; Otten, Matthew ...
Nature communications,
01/2023, Letnik:
14, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Recently, several quantum benchmarking algorithms have been developed to characterize noisy quantum gates on today's quantum devices. A fundamental issue in benchmarking is that not everything about ...quantum noise is learnable due to the existence of gauge freedom, leaving open the question what information is learnable and what is not, which is unclear even for a single CNOT gate. Here we give a precise characterization of the learnability of Pauli noise channels attached to Clifford gates using graph theoretical tools. Our results reveal the optimality of cycle benchmarking in the sense that it can extract all learnable information about Pauli noise. We experimentally demonstrate noise characterization of IBM's CNOT gate up to 2 unlearnable degrees of freedom, for which we obtain bounds using physical constraints. In addition, we show that an attempt to extract unlearnable information by ignoring state preparation noise yields unphysical estimates, which is used to lower bound the state preparation noise.
Porcine parvovirus (PPV) virus-like particles (VLPs) are a potential vaccine candidate for the prevention of parvovirus-induced reproductive failure in pregnant sows. Currently, the
Escherichia coli
...(
E. coli
) expression system is the most cost-efficient to express recombinant proteins. To overcome the limitations of protein misfolding and to prepare soluble highly bioactive antigen and high yields of protein, we optimized the PPV-VP2 gene, subcloned it into pET24a, pET26b, pET28a, and pET30a, and transformed it into
E. coli
BL21(DE3)-Tf16 competent cells. The pET28a plasmid was selected for further manipulations because it expressed high levels of the bioactive PPV-VP2 protein. Under optimal high-density fermenting conditions in a 70-L fermenter, the total yield of wet weight
E. coli
cells was 124.86 g/L, and PPV-VP2 protein was 2.5 g/L. After large-scale purification with Triton X-114 two-phase extraction as well as activated carbon powder adsorption, hemagglutination (HA) titers in the purified PPV-VP2 protein reached 2
19
and endotoxin was reduced to 2500 EU/mL. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results indicated that the purified PPV-VP2 protein self-assembled into VLPs. Immunogenicity assays in guinea pigs and pigs indicated that the ISA-201 VG adjuvanted PPV-VP2 VLP vaccine elicited hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and virus neutralization (VN) antibody titers comparable with PPV commercial inactivated vaccines, whereas viral loads in the spleen and liver of challenged guinea pigs were significantly reduced. In conclusion, our study provides a method for producing the PPV-VLP vaccine against PPV infection in
E. coli
and may offer a novel strategy for the soluble expression of other vaccine antigens.
Classical swine fever (CSF), caused by CSF virus (CSFV), is one of the most devastating viral epizootic diseases of swine in many countries. To control the disease, highly efficacious and safe live ...attenuated vaccines have been used for decades. However, the main drawback of these conventional vaccines is the lack of differentiability of infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA concept). Advances in biotechnology and our detailed knowledge of multiple basic science disciplines have facilitated the development of effective and safer DIVA vaccines to control CSF. To date, two types of DIVA vaccines have been developed commercially, including the subunit vaccines based on CSFV envelope glycoprotein E2 and chimeric pestivirus vaccines based on infectious cDNA clones of CSFV or bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). Although inoculation of these vaccines successfully induces solid immunity against CSFV, none of them could ideally meet all demands regarding to safety, efficacy, DIVA potential, and marketability. Due to the limitations of the available choices, researchers are still striving towards the development of more advanced DIVA vaccines against CSF. This review summarizes the present status of candidate CSFV vaccines that have been developed. The strategies and approaches revealed here may also be helpful for the development of new-generation vaccines against other diseases.
Abstract
Quantum memory—the capacity to faithfully preserve quantum coherence and correlations—is essential for quantum-enhanced technology. There is thus a pressing need for operationally meaningful ...means to benchmark candidate memories across diverse physical platforms. Here we introduce a universal benchmark distinguished by its relevance across multiple key operational settings, exactly quantifying (1) the memory’s robustness to noise, (2) the number of noiseless qubits needed for its synthesis, (3) its potential to speed up statistical sampling tasks, and (4) performance advantage in non-local games beyond classical limits. The measure is analytically computable for low-dimensional systems and can be efficiently bounded in the experiment without tomography. We thus illustrate quantum memory as a meaningful resource, with our benchmark reflecting both its cost of creation and what it can accomplish. We demonstrate the benchmark on the five-qubit IBM Q hardware, and apply it to witness the efficacy of error-suppression techniques and quantify non-Markovian noise. We thus present an experimentally accessible, practically meaningful, and universally relevant quantifier of a memory’s capability to preserve quantum advantage.
Aristolochic acids (AAs) are a toxic substance present in certain natural plants. Direct human exposure to these plants containing AAs leads to a severe and irreversible condition known as ...aristolochic acid nephropathy (AAN). Additionally, AAs accumulation in the food chain through environmental mediators can trigger Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN), an environmental variant of AAN. This paper presents a concise overview of the oncogenic pathways associated with AAs and explores the various routes of environmental exposure to AAs. The detection and removal of AAs in natural plants, drugs, and environmental and biological samples were classified and summarized, and the advantages and disadvantages of the various methods were analyzed. It is hoped that this review can provide effective insights into the detection and removal of AAs in the future.
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 is a huge public health crisis for the globe. The receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein plays a vital role in viral ...infection and serves as a major target for developing neutralizing antibodies. In this study, the antibody response to the RBD of SARS-CoV-2 S protein was analyzed by a panel of sera from animals immunized with RBD-based antigens and four linear B-cell epitope peptides (R345, R405, R450 and R465) were revealed. The immunogenicity of three immunodominant peptides (R345, R405, R465) was further accessed by peptide immunization in mice, and all of them could induced potent antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 S protein, indicating that the three determinants in the RBD were immunogenic. We further generated and characterized monoclonal antibodies (15G9, 12C10 and 10D2) binding to these epitope peptides, and finely mapped the three immunodominant epitopes using the corresponding antibodies. Neutralization assays showed that all three monoclonal antibodies had neutralization activity. Results from IFA and western blotting showed that 12C10 was a cross-reactive antibody against both of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV. Results from conservative and structural analysis showed that
350
VYAWN
354
was a highly conserved epitope and exposed on the surface of SARS-CoV-2 S trimer, whereas
473
YQAGSTP
479
located in the receptor binding motif (RBM) was variable among different SARS-CoV-2 strains.
407
VRQIAP
412
was a highly conserved, but cryptic epitope shared between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV. These findings provide important information for understanding the humoral antibody response to the RBD of SARS-CoV-2 S protein and may facilitate further efforts to design SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and the target of COVID-19 diagnostic.
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