Typically, children with unique educational challenges are separated into various learning contexts. Despite the fact that this education strategy has been established for a while, various ...researchers and analysts have questioned its effectiveness. Recently, inclusion has gained popularity as a universal educational issue. To be specific, according to the inclusive education model, disabled children should get an equitable education opportunity. Most academics agree that engaging kids with special education needs in mainstream classes can improve their learning opportunities. However, in order to successfully implement mainstreaming education in China, lots of challenges are needed to be overcome. In the essay, the following are some of the challenges to providing an inclusive education for students in China with special educational needs: the available technology is inaccessible, mainstream schools neglect their duty to educate students with impairments, and parents of such youngsters are not well equipped for online learning. Furthermore, this paper presents some suggestions to enhance the inclusive education for disabled individuals. Overall, the current inclusive educational pedagogy is the subject of discussion in relation to recent research perspectives on analyzing and overcoming it.
For the cyber-physical systems (CPS) in the smart industrial environments, a larger amount of smart sensor nodes, processors and actuators are deployed to sense information from physical world, which ...is vulnerable to be attacked because the nodes are deployed in unattended areas. Security is a pivotal issue for CPS, therefore, a trust-based active detection (TBAD) scheme is proposed for improving the reliability of collecting data packets and reducing the data redundancy. In TBAD scheme, the trust of the nodes is evaluated by the neighboring nodes and the evaluation results are added into the header of data packets. Thus, according to the reliability of data packets collected by the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), the trust of sensor nodes is evaluated by the UAV. In addition, the evaluation trust of nodes stored in the header of data packets will be detected when the UAV suspects the stored trust of sensor nodes. Then, the trust of corresponding sensor nodes is adjusted according to the detection results. The sensor nodes with higher trust are selected to form movement trajectory. A series of simulation experiments are conducted to evaluate the performance of the scheme. The results illustrate that the proposed scheme can greatly improve the efficiency and security of data routing in CPS.
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are increasingly being deployed in security-critical applications. Because of their inherent resource-constrained characteristics, they are prone to various security ...attacks, and a black hole attack is a type of attack that seriously affects data collection. To conquer that challenge, an active detection-based security and trust routing scheme named ActiveTrust is proposed for WSNs. The most important innovation of ActiveTrust is that it avoids black holes through the active creation of a number of detection routes to quickly detect and obtain nodal trust and thus improve the data route security. More importantly, the generation and the distribution of detection routes are given in the ActiveTrust scheme, which can fully use the energy in non-hotspots to create as many detection routes as needed to achieve the desired security and energy efficiency. Both comprehensive theoretical analysis and experimental results indicate that the performance of the ActiveTrust scheme is better than that of the previous studies. ActiveTrust can significantly improve the data route success probability and ability against black hole attacks and can optimize network lifetime.
Real-time surveillance systems with green wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are vital for maintaining high energy efficiency in many situations. This paper considers a scenario utilizing green WSNs to ...monitor the situation of Internet of Things (IoT), which constitute one of the most crucial sources of electricity consumption in information and communications technologies (ICT). More specifically, we focus on optimizing the cluster structure to minimize the delay and energy consumption for aggregation convergecast in green WSNs. We first find the optimal value of the network cluster radius for minimizing the delay through theoretical analysis. We then propose a novel cluster network architecture in which clusters that are far from the sink are small, allowing inter-cluster data aggregation to be processed earlier, and clusters that are near the sink are relatively large to allow more time for intra-cluster data aggregation. Hence, the sensor nodes can be scheduled in consecutive time slots to reduce the number of state transitions, consequently achieving the goal of minimizing both delay and energy consumption. Simulation results indicate that the proposed Algorithm outperforms previously reported solutions in terms of both schedule length and lifetime, thereby demonstrating its effectiveness.
The oceans cover more than 71% of the Earth's surface and have a surging amount of data. It is of great significance to seek energy-effective and ultrareliable communication and transmission ...mechanism for effectively gathering abundant maritime data. In this article, we propose an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV)-assisted data gathering scheme based on clustering and matrix completion (ACMC) to improve the data gathering efficiency in the underwater wireless sensor network (UWSN). Specifically, we first improve the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">K </tex-math></inline-formula>-means algorithm by adopting the Elbow method to determine the optimal <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">K </tex-math></inline-formula> and setting a distance threshold to select the separate initial cluster centers. Then, we introduce a two-phase AUV trajectory optimization mechanism to effectively reduce the trajectory length of the AUV. In the first phase, the optimized trajectory of the AUV is planned by adopting the greedy algorithm. In the second phase, the ordinary nodes close to the AUV trajectory are selected as secondary cluster heads to share the workload of cluster heads. Finally, we present an in-cluster data collection mechanism based on matrix completion. An extensive experiment validates the effectiveness of our proposed scheme in terms of energy and data collection delay.
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a chronic diabetes complication that progressively manifests itself as blurred vision, eye floaters, distorted vision, and even partial or total loss of vision as a ...result of retinal detachment in severe cases. Clinically, patients who have undergone variations in the microcirculation of the ocular fundus are treated with laser photocoagulation to improve the circulation of retina; but for patients with macular edema, anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) drugs are generally injected to eliminate macular edema and improve vision. The worst cases are patients with fundus hemorrhage or proliferative vitreoretinopathy, for whom vitrectomy has been performed. At present, these clinical treatment methods have widely been used, providing satisfactory results. However, considering the low bioavailability and potential side effects of drugs and the inevitable risks in major surgery, DR prevention, and treatment as well as nerve tissue regeneration in the later stage have always been the focus of research. In recent years, nanotechnology has been increasingly applied in the medical field, leading to new ideas for DR treatment. This study aims to systematically review the research progress of nanotechnology in DR treatment.
Low selectivity is a major problem for cancer theranostics that has promoted the development of molecularly-responsive nanomaterials. Herein, we report a novel doxorubicin (DOX)-loaded degradable ...cobalt oxide nanoprism (Co3O4-DOX) for T1/T2 ratiometric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-monitored synergistic cancer therapy that simultaneously responds to intratumoral oxidability and acidity. Co3O4-DOX degraded under both H2O2-rich and acidic conditions, producing Co3+ and releasing DOX, not only resulted in an MRI contrast switch from T2 to T1, but also led to DOX luminescence recovery by weakening energy transfer. Thus, highly sensitive and selective H2O2 detection was achieved by these changes in MRI and luminescence signals. Importantly, Co3O4-DOX showed outstanding T1/T2 ratiometric MRI performance in vivo, significantly improving the contrast between tumor and normal tissues. Moreover, the produced Co3+ also resulted in intracellular radical generation for chemodynamic therapy, which had a synergistic effect with the photothermal and chemotherapy induced by Co3O4 and DOX, respectively. Under ratiometric MRI guidance, successful synergistic cancer therapy was performed on a tumor-bearing mice model. This work provides a new imaging application to improve selectivity that uses molecularly-responsive magnetic nanomaterials for ratiometric MRI tumor imaging and cancer theranostics.
The distributed network of receptors, neurons, and synapses in the somatosensory system efficiently processes complex tactile information. We used flexible organic electronics to mimic the functions ...of a sensory nerve. Our artificial afferent nerve collects pressure information (1 to 80 kilopascals) from clusters of pressure sensors, converts the pressure information into action potentials (0 to 100 hertz) by using ring oscillators, and integrates the action potentials from multiple ring oscillators with a synaptic transistor. Biomimetic hierarchical structures can detect movement of an object, combine simultaneous pressure inputs, and distinguish braille characters. Furthermore, we connected our artificial afferent nerve to motor nerves to construct a hybrid bioelectronic reflex arc to actuate muscles. Our system has potential applications in neurorobotics and neuroprosthetics.
The CoCrBFeNiSi high-entropy alloy (HEA) coatings were fabricated on H13 steel using different laser powers. The microstructure, mechanical and chemical properties of the coating and the internal ...relations between them were investigated, in which 3D wear trace morphology was adopted to analyze the wear resistance of different coatings. The coatings could be divided into three layers with different microstructure including the bottom dendritic layer, the upper amorphous layer and the transition layer. The amorphous content in the coatings was dependent upon laser power which influenced dilution rate and actual cooling rate through changing heat input. Increased amorphous content led to increased microhardness of the coatings which could approach five times of that of the substrate. When the amorphous content decreased, cladded coatings exhibited deeper furrows, more serious adhesive wear and oxidation wear, which gave birth to wider cross section area of the worn track, higher wear weight loss and thus deteriorated wear resistance of the coatings. Moreover, higher amorphous content in the coatings had led to more excellent corrosion resistance to HCl and NaCl solution.
•The heat affected zone consists of α(Al), η(MgZn2), Al2MgCu, and Al6Mn phases.•The tensile fracture style along the thickness direction is ductile/brittle composite fracture and leads to obvious mechanical anisotropy of the HAZ.•Brittle cracks are related to the original microstructure of the base metal and the intergranular continuous distribution of Al2MgCu phase as a result of welding thermal cycling.
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