Polarization spectroscopy has been used to simultaneously detect both OH and NO molecules in an
H
2
N
2
O
flame, using a single laser system and a single CCD detector. Excitation spectra and one- and ...two-dimensional images are presented. The possibilities and practical limitations of using this method for flame studies are discussed.
The CMS Electromagnetic Calorimeter is a high-precision detector demanding innovative solutions in order to cope with the high dynamic range and the extreme high resolution of the detector as well as ...with the harsh environment created by the high level of radiation and the 4
T magnetic field. The readout system is partly placed within the detector and partly in the adjacent counting room. As the on-detector electronics must cope with the harsh environment the use of standard components is excluded for this part of the system. This paper describes the solutions adopted for the high-precision analogue stages, the A–D conversion, the optical transfer of the raw data from the on-detector part to the so-called Upper Level Readout, placed in the counting room, and the functionality of the latter. The ECAL is instrumental in providing information to the first-level trigger process and the generation of this information will be described. Also, the problem of reducing the raw data volume (6×10
12
bytes/s) to a level that can be handled by the central DAQ system (10
5
bytes/s) without degrading the physics performance will be discussed.
Winter mortality in hatchery reared oyster spat (Ostrea edulis) that received three different diets during the summer period was investigated. Oysters fed a natural type diet had a winter mortality ...of 18.3 ± 6.3% while oysters fed cultivated algae (a mixture of Tetraselmis suecica, Isochrysis galbana and Chaetoceros muelleri) had a mortality of 73.0 ± 9.7%. A group of oysters fed a mix between the two diets had a mortality of 54.7 ± 10.6%. Tissue samples were taken at the start of the experiment, after the summer period and after the winter period in order to determine growth and the content of glycogen and fatty acids. The glycogen content decreased for all groups during the winter but the decrease was highest in oysters fed the natural diet. This group also contained the largest variety of fatty acids, but there was no difference in the content of the essential fatty acids EPA, DPA and DHA between the groups. It is concluded that transplantation of spat to the sea in spring and early summer may reduce winter mortality since the feeding period on a more varied natural algal diet is prolonged compared to transplantation of spat later in the season.
SICAL — a high precision silicon-tungsten luminosity calorimeter for ALEPH Bédérède, D.; Beuville, E.; Bloch-Devaux, B. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
11/1995, Letnik:
365, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The design, construction and performance of a silicon-tungsten electromagnetic calorimeter built to achieve an experimental luminosity measurement precision at LEP≤0.1% is described. The detector ...uses homogeneous construction to give full azimuthal acceptance for Bhabha scattering over polar angles from 24 to 58 mrad. Detailed information concerning shower development is obtained from zero-suppressed readout of the 12288 pads of the detector. Trigger decisions are generated from a rapid flash-ADC system using programmable gate arrays.
The CPLEAR detector at CERN Adler, R.; Albrecht, W.; Alhalel, T. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
09/1996, Letnik:
379, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The CPLEAR collaboration has constructed a detector at CERN for an extensive programme of CP-, T- and CPT-symmetry studies using K
0 and
K
0 produced by the annihilation of
p
's in a hydrogen gas ...target. The K
0 and
K
0 are identified by their companion products of the annihilation K
±
π
∓ which are tracked with multiwire proportional chambers, drift chambers and streamer tubes. Particle identification is carried out with a liquid Cherenkov detector for fast separation of pions and kaons and with scintillators which allow the measurement of time of flight and energy loss. Photons are measured with a lead/gas sampling electromagnetic calorimeter. The required antiproton annihilation modes are selected by fast online processors using the tracking chamber and particle identification information. All the detectors are mounted in a 0.44 T uniform field of an axial solenoid of diameter 2 m and length 3.6 m to form a magnetic spectrometer capable of full on-line reconstruction and selection of events. The design, operating parameters and performance of the subdetectors are described.
The design and results of a radiation hard switched gain charge amplifier optimised for a large dynamic range and large input capacitance are described. The peaking time is
25
ns
, dynamic ranges are ...0.1–50 minimum ionising particles (MIPs) (high gain) and 1–400 MIPs (low gain), signal to noise (
S/
N)>10 for
C
in
<56
pF
and radiation tolerance to
10
Mrads(Si)
and
4×10
13
n
cm
−2
.
Performance of the ALEPH Time Projection Chamber
Nuclear instruments and methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment/Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
09/1991
Journal Article
The CPLEAR electromagnetic calorimeter Adler, R.; Backenstoss, G.; Bal, F. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
05/1997, Letnik:
390, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
A large-acceptance lead/gas sampling electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) was constructed for the CPLEAR experiment to detect photons from decays of π
0s with momentum
p
π
0 ≤ 800 MeV/
c. The main ...purpose of the ECAL is to determine the decay vertex of neutral-kaon decays K
0 → π
0π
0 → 4γ and K
0 → π
0π
0π
0 → 6γ. This requires a position-sensitive photon detector with high spatial granularity in
r−,
ϕ−, and
z−coordinates. The ECAL - a barrel without end-caps located inside a magnetic field of 0.44 T - consists of 18 identical concentric layers. Each layer of
1
3
radiation length (
X
0) contains a converter plate followed by small cross-section high-gain tubes of 2640 mm active length which are sandwiched by passive pick-up strip plates. The ECAL, with a total of 6
X
0 has an energy resolution of
α(E)
E
≈
13%
(E(
GeV)
and a position resolution of 4.5 mm for the shower foot. The shower topology allows separation of electrons from pions. The design, construction, read-out electronics, and performance of the detector are described.
The readout system of the CPLEAR electromagnetic calorimeter
Nuclear instruments and methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment/Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment
Journal Article
We present a digital solution for the front-end electronics of high resolution calorimeters at future colliders. It is based on analogue signal compression, high speed
A
D
converters, a fully ...programmable pipeline and a digital signal processing (DSP) chain with local intelligence and system supervision. This digital solution is aimed at providing maximal front-end processing power by performing waveform analysis using DSP methods. For the system integration of the multichannel device a multi-chip, silicon-on-silicon multi-chip module (MCM) has been adopted. This solution allows a high level of integration of complex analogue and digital functions, with excellent flexibility in mixing technologies for the different functional blocks. This type of multichip integration provides a high degree of reliability and programmability at both the function and the system level, with the additional possibility of customising the microsystem to detector-specific requirements. For enhanced reliability in high radiation environments, fault tolerance strategies, i.e. redundancy, reconfigurability, majority voting and coding for error detection and correction, are integrated into the design.
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