Abstract
This paper reports the latest developments for the photogrammetric open‐source tool called
GRAPHOS
(inte
GRA
ted
PHO
togrammetric Suite).
GRAPHOS
includes some recent innovations in the ...image‐based 3D reconstruction pipeline, from automatic feature detection/description and network orientation to dense image matching and quality control.
GRAPHOS
also has a strong educational component beyond its automated processing functions, reinforced with tutorials and didactic explanations about algorithms and performance. The paper highlights recent developments carried out at different levels: graphical user interface (
GUI
), didactic simulators for image processing, photogrammetric processing with weight parameters, dataset creation and system evaluation.
Résumé
La photogrammétrie est actuellement confrontée à des défis et des changements liés principalement à l'automatisation, au traitement et à la variété des applications. Cet article présente un outil photogrammétrique à source ouverte appelé
GRAPHOS
(inte
GRA
ted
PHO
togrammetric Suite) destiné à la communauté scientifique pour la restitution 3D dans des applications rapprochées. Il englobe des algorithmes photogrammétriques et de vision par ordinateur avec les objectifs suivants: (i) accroître l'automatisation, permettant d'obtenir des nuages denses de points 3D grâce à une interface conviviale; (ii) accroître la flexibilité en travaillant avec tout type d'image, de scénario et de caméra; (iii) améliorer la qualité, garantissant une haute précision et une haute résolution; (iv) préserver la fiabilité photogrammétrique et la répétabilité. Enfin et ce n'est pas le moins important,
GRAPHOS
dispose également d'une composante éducative qui va au‐delà des solutions les plus courantes pour le traitement d'images et la génération de nuages de points 3D, et renforcée par des simulations et des explications didactiques sur les algorithmes et leur fonctionnement. Les développements ont été réalisés à différents niveaux: réalisation d'interface utilisateur graphique (
GUI
), simulateurs didactiques pour le traitement d'images, traitement photogrammétrique avec paramètres avancés, création d'un jeu de données public et contrôle de la qualité des résultats.
Zusammenfassung
Die Photogrammetrie steht derzeit vor einigen Herausforderungen und Veränderungen, die sich hauptsächlich auf Automatisierung, ubiquitäre Verarbeitung und vielfältige Anwendungen beziehen. Durch dieses Papier wurde ein photogrammetrisches Open‐Source‐Tool namens
GRAPHOS
(inte
GRA
ted PHOtogrammetric Suite) entwickelt, um die bildbasierte Verarbeitung von 2D‐ zu 3D‐Daten in Nahbereichsanwendungen für die Scientific Community zu öffnen. Es umfasst robuste photogrammetrische und Computer‐Vision‐Algorithmen mit den folgenden Zielen: (i) Erhöhung der Automatisierung, so dass dichte 3D‐Punktwolken durch eine freundliche und einfach zu bedienende Benutzeroberfläche erhalten werden; (ii) Erhöhung der Flexibilität, um mit jeglichen Arten von Bildern, Szenarien und Kameras arbeiten zu können; (iii) Verbesserung der Qualität und Gewährleistung hoher Genauigkeit und Auflösung; (iv) Sicherstellung der photogrammetrische Zuverlässigkeit und Wiederholbarkeit. Nicht zuletzt hat
GRAPHOS
auch eine pädagogische Komponente jenseits der gängigsten Black‐Box‐Lösungen für die 3D‐Bildverarbeitung und Punktwolkenerzeugung, verstärkt mit einigen Simulatoren und didaktischen Erklärungen zu Algorithmen und deren Performance. Die Entwicklungen wurden auf verschiedenen Ebenen durchgeführt: grafische Benutzeroberfläche (
GUI
), didaktische Simulatoren für die Bildverarbeitung, photogrammetrische Verarbeitung mit Gewichtsparametern, Erstellung von Datensätzen und Systemauswertung.
Resumen
Este artículo presenta los últimos desarrollos de la herramienta fotogramétrica de código abierto llamada
GRAPHOS
(inte
GRA
ted
PHO
togrammetric Suite).
GRAPHOS
incluye algunas innovaciones recientes en el proceso de generación 3D basada en imágenes, desde los detectores/descriptores de características automáticos y la orientación de la red fotogramétrica a herramientas de correspondencia densa y de control de calidad.
GRAPHOS
tiene también un componente educativo que va más allá de las soluciones habituales para el procesamiento automático, reforzado con tutoriales y explicaciones didácticas sobre los algoritmos y su funcionamiento. Se destacan los desarrollos llevados a cabo en diferentes niveles: interfaz gráfico de usuario (
GUI
), simuladores didácticos para el procesamiento de imágenes, procesamiento fotogramétrico con parámetros avanzados, creación de un conjunto de datos y evaluación de los resultados.
摘要
本文描述了一个名为
GRAPHOS
(嵌入式摄影测量组件) 的开源摄影测量工具的最新进展。
GRAPHOS
包含了基于影像进行三维重建的若干技术革新, 如自动特征提取与特征描述、影像网络定向、密集匹配、以及质量控制。除了其自动化的处理功能外,
GRAPHOS
还具备强大的教学功能, 包括辅导材料、算法与性能的细致解释等。本文着重描述了其各个层面的最新发展: 包括图形用户界面、用于图像处理的教学仿真器、具有权重参数的摄影测量处理, 数据集创建和系统评估。
Abstract
Background
The substantial decline in cardiovascular-disease (CVD) mortality in high-income countries has underpinned their increasing longevity over the past half-century. However, recent ...evidence suggests this long-term decline may have stagnated, and even reversed in younger populations. We assess recent CVD-mortality trends in high-income populations and discuss the findings in relation to trends in risk factors.
Methods
We used vital statistics since 2000 for 23 high-income countries published in the World Health Organization Mortality Database. Age-standardized CVD death rates by sex for all ages, and at ages 35–74 years, were calculated and smoothed using LOWESS regression. Findings were contrasted with the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study.
Results
The rate of decline in CVD mortality has slowed considerably in most countries in recent years for both males and females, particularly at ages 35–74 years. Based on the latest year of data, the decline in the CVD-mortality rate at ages 35–74 years was <2% (about half the annual average since 2000) for at least one sex in more than half the countries. In North America (US males and females, Canada females), the CVD-mortality rate even increased in the most recent year. The GBD Study estimates, after correcting for misdiagnoses, suggest an even more alarming reversal, with CVD death rates rising in seven countries for at least one sex in 2017. The rate of decline and initial level of CVD mortality appear largely unrelated.
Conclusions
A significant slowdown in CVD-mortality decline is now apparent across high-income countries with diverse epidemiological environments. High and increasing obesity levels, limited potential future gains from further reducing already low smoking prevalence, especially in English-speaking countries, and persistent inequalities in mortality risk pose significant challenges for public policy to promote better cardiovascular health.
Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors Lopez, Alan D; Mathers, Colin D; Ezzati, Majid ...
The World Bank eBooks,
2006, 04-02-2006, 2006-02-04, 20060101
eBook, Book
Odprti dostop
This volume is a single up-to-date source on the entire global epidemiology of diseases, injuries and risk factors with a comprehensive statement of methods and a complete presentation of results. It ...includes refined methods to assess data, ensure epidemiological consistency, and summarize the disease burden. Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors examines the comparative importance of diseases, injuries, and risk factors; it incorporates a range of new data sources to develop consistent estimates of incidence, prevalence, severity and duration, and mortality for 136 major diseases and injuries. Drawing from more than 8,500 data sources that include epidemiological studies, disease registers, and notifications systems, Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors incorporates information from more than 10,000 datasets relating to population health and mortality, representing one of the largest syntheses of global information on population health to date.
We use models of coupled thermal evolution and photo-evaporative mass loss to understand the formation and evolution of the Kepler-36 system. We show that the large contrast in mean planetary density ...observed by Carter et al. can be explained as a natural consequence of photo-evaporation from planets that formed with similar initial compositions. However, rather than being due to differences in XUV irradiation between the planets, we find that this contrast is due to the difference in the masses of the planets' rock/iron cores and the impact that this has on mass-loss evolution. We explore in detail how our coupled models depend on irradiation, mass, age, composition, and the efficiency of mass loss. Based on fits to large numbers of coupled evolution and mass-loss runs, we provide analytic fits to understand threshold XUV fluxes for significant atmospheric loss, as a function of core mass and mass-loss efficiency. Finally we discuss these results in the context of recent studies of the radius distribution of Kepler candidates. Using our parameter study, we make testable predictions for the frequency of sub-Neptune-sized planets. We show that 1.8-4.0 R sub(+ in circle) planets should become significantly less common on orbits within 10 days and discuss the possibility of a narrow "occurrence valley" in the radius-flux distribution. Moreover, we describe how photo-evaporation provides a natural explanation for the recent observations of Ciardi et al. that inner planets are preferentially smaller within the systems.
Abstract
Recent surveys have uncovered an exciting new population of ultra-short-period (USP) planets with orbital periods less than a day. These planets typically have radii ≲1.5 R
⊕, indicating ...that they likely have rocky compositions. This stands in contrast to the overall distribution of planets out to ∼100 d, which is dominated by low-density sub-Neptunes above 2 R
⊕, which must have gaseous envelopes to explain their size. However, on the USP orbits, planets are bombarded by intense levels of photoionizing radiation and consequently gaseous sub-Neptunes are extremely vulnerable to losing their envelopes to atmospheric photoevaporation. Using models of planet evolution, I show that the rocky USP planets can easily be produced as the evaporated remnants of sub-Neptunes with H/He envelopes and that we can therefore understand the observed dearth of USP sub-Neptunes as a natural consequence of photoevaporation. Critically however, planets on USP orbits could often retain their envelopes if they are formed with very high-metallicity water-dominated envelopes. Such water-rich planets would commonly be ≳2 R
⊕ today, which is inconsistent with the observed evaporation desert, indicating that most USP planets likely formed from water-poor material within the snow-line. Finally, I examine the special case of 55 Cancri e and its possible composition in the light of recent observations, and discuss the prospects for further characterizing this population with future observations.
Many national and subnational governments need to routinely measure the completeness of death registration for monitoring and statistical purposes. Existing methods, such as death distribution and ...capture-recapture methods, have a number of limitations such as inaccuracy and complexity that prevent widespread application. This paper presents a novel empirical method to estimate completeness of death registration at the national and subnational level.
Random-effects models to predict the logit of death registration completeness were developed from 2,451 country-years in 110 countries from 1970-2015 using the Global Burden of Disease 2015 database. Predictors include the registered crude death rate, under-five mortality rate, population age structure and under-five death registration completeness. Models were developed separately for males, females and both sexes.
All variables are highly significant and reliably predict completeness of registration across a wide range of registered crude death rates (R-squared 0.85). Mean error is highest at medium levels of observed completeness. The models show quite close agreement between predicted and observed completeness for populations outside the dataset. There is high concordance with the Hybrid death distribution method in Brazilian states. Uncertainty in the under-five mortality rate, assessed using the dataset and in Colombian departmentos, has minimal impact on national level predicted completeness, but a larger effect at the subnational level.
The method demonstrates sufficient flexibility to predict a wide range of completeness levels at a given registered crude death rate. The method can be applied utilising data readily available at the subnational level, and can be used to assess completeness of deaths reported from health facilities, censuses and surveys. Its utility is diminished where the adult mortality rate is unusually high for a given under-five mortality rate. The method overcomes the considerable limitations of existing methods and has considerable potential for widespread application by national and subnational governments.
THE MASS-METALLICITY RELATION FOR GIANT PLANETS Thorngren, Daniel P.; Fortney, Jonathan J.; Murray-Clay, Ruth A. ...
Astrophysical journal/The Astrophysical journal,
11/2016, Letnik:
831, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
ABSTRACT Exoplanet discoveries of recent years have provided a great deal of new data for studying the bulk compositions of giant planets. Here we identify 47 transiting giant planets (20 M⊕ < M < 20 ...MJ) whose stellar insolations are low enough (F* < 2 × 108 erg s−1 cm−2, or roughly Teff < 1000) that they are not affected by the hot-Jupiter radius inflation mechanism(s). We compute a set of new thermal and structural evolution models and use these models in comparison with properties of the 47 transiting planets (mass, radius, age) to determine their heavy element masses. A clear correlation emerges between the planetary heavy element mass Mz and the total planet mass, approximately of the form . This finding is consistent with the core-accretion model of planet formation. We also study how stellar metallicity Fe/H affects planetary metal-enrichment and find a weaker correlation than has previously been reported from studies with smaller sample sizes. We confirm a strong relationship between the planetary metal-enrichment relative to the parent star Zplanet/Zstar and the planetary mass, but see no relation in Zplanet/Zstar with planet orbital properties or stellar mass. The large heavy element masses of many planets (>50 M⊕) suggest significant amounts of heavy elements in H/He envelopes, rather than cores, such that metal-enriched giant planet atmospheres should be the rule. We also discuss a model of core-accretion planet formation in a one-dimensional disk and show that it agrees well with our derived relation between mass and Zplanet/Zstar.
Aberrations in the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/AKT pathway are common in solid tumors. Numerous drugs have been developed to target different components ...of this pathway. However the prognostic value of these aberrations is unclear.
PubMed was searched for studies evaluating the association between activation of the PI3K/mTOR/AKT pathway (defined as PI3K mutation PIK3CA, lack of phosphatase and tensin homolog PTEN expression by immunohistochemistry or western-blot or increased expression/activation of downstream components of the pathway by immunohistochemistry) with overall survival (OS) in solid tumors. Published data were extracted and computed into odds ratios (OR) for death at 5 years. Data were pooled using the Mantel-Haenszel random-effect model.
Analysis included 17 studies. Activation of the PI3K/mTOR/AKT pathway was associated with significantly worse 5-year survival (OR:2.12, 95% confidence intervals 1.42-3.16, p<0.001). Loss of PTEN expression and increased expression/activation of downstream components were associated with worse survival. No association between PIK3CA mutations and survival was observed. Differences between methods for assessing activation of the PI3K/mTOR/AKT pathway were statistically significant (p = 0.04). There was no difference in the effect of up-regulation of the pathway on survival between different cancer sites (p = 0.13).
Activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, especially if measured by loss of PTEN expression or increased expression/activation of downstream components is associated with poor survival. PIK3CA mutational status is not associated with adverse outcome, challenging its value as a biomarker of patient outcome or as a stratification factor for patients treated with agents acting on the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.
Summary Background Healthy life expectancy (HALE) summarises mortality and non-fatal outcomes in a single measure of average population health. It has been used to compare health between countries, ...or to measure changes over time. These comparisons can inform policy questions that depend on how morbidity changes as mortality decreases. We characterise current HALE and changes over the past two decades in 187 countries. Methods Using inputs from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2010, we assessed HALE for 1990 and 2010. We calculated HALE with life table methods, incorporating estimates of average health over each age interval. Inputs from GBD 2010 included age-specific information for mortality rates and prevalence of 1160 sequelae, and disability weights associated with 220 distinct health states relating to these sequelae. We computed estimates of average overall health for each age group, adjusting for comorbidity with a Monte Carlo simulation method to capture how multiple morbidities can combine in an individual. We incorporated these estimates in the life table by the Sullivan method to produce HALE estimates for each population defined by sex, country, and year. We estimated the contributions of changes in child mortality, adult mortality, and disability to overall change in population health between 1990 and 2010. Findings In 2010, global male HALE at birth was 59·0 years (uncertainty interval 57·3–60·6) and global female HALE at birth was 63·2 years (61·4–65·0). HALE increased more slowly than did life expectancy over the past 20 years, with each 1-year increase in life expectancy at birth associated with a 10-month increase in HALE. Across countries in 2010, male HALE at birth ranged from 27·8 years (17·2–36·5) in Haiti, to 70·6 years (68·6–72·2) in Japan. Female HALE at birth ranged from 37·1 years (26·8–43·8) in Haiti, to 75·5 years (73·3–77·3) in Japan. Between 1990 and 2010, male HALE increased by 5 years or more in 48 countries compared with 43 countries for female HALE, while male HALE decreased in 22 countries and 11 for female HALE. Between countries and over time, life expectancy was strongly and positively related to number of years lost to disability. This relation was consistent between sexes, in cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis, and when assessed at birth, or at age 50 years. Changes in disability had small effects on changes in HALE compared with changes in mortality. Interpretation HALE differs substantially between countries. As life expectancy has increased, the number of healthy years lost to disability has also increased in most countries, consistent with the expansion of morbidity hypothesis, which has implications for health planning and health-care expenditure. Compared with substantial progress in reduction of mortality over the past two decades, relatively little progress has been made in reduction of the overall effect of non-fatal disease and injury on population health. HALE is an attractive indicator for monitoring health post-2015. Funding The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
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