The paper presents contributions to the widespread resilience paradigm from a social science perspective. Certain aspects of social systems, especially their symbolic dimension of meaning, need to be ...taken into account in the endeavor to research coupled social–ecological systems. Due to the symbolic dimension, disasters are defined as the failure of future expectations, and social resilience is defined as the social system property of avoiding or withstanding disasters. In relation to this, three capacities of social systems (adaptive, coping, and participative) that constitute resilience are presented. The adaptive capacity is the property of a system in which structures are modified to prevent future disasters, whereas the coping capacity is the system’s property of coping with calamitous processes that occurred in the past. The participative capacity is a measure of the system’s ability to change its own structures with regard to interventions by other systems, decreasing the system’s resilience. The concept of resilience provides important epistemological and political insights and can help overcome an orientation tied together with the concept of vulnerability that blocks social capacities for the mitigation of disasters.
Direct RNA sequencing holds great promise for the de novo identification of RNA modifications at single-coordinate resolution; however, interpretation of raw sequencing output to discover modified ...bases remains a challenge. Using Oxford Nanopore's direct RNA sequencing technology, we developed a random forest classifier trained using experimentally detected N6-methyladenosine (m6A) sites within DRACH motifs. Our software MINES (m6A Identification using Nanopore Sequencing) assigned m6A methylation status to more than 13,000 previously unannotated DRACH sites in endogenous HEK293T transcripts and identified more than 40,000 sites with isoform-level resolution in a human mammary epithelial cell line. These sites displayed sensitivity to the m6A writer, METTL3, and eraser, ALKBH5, respectively. MINES (https://github.com/YeoLab/MINES.git) enables m6A annotation at single coordinate–level resolution from direct RNA nanopore sequencing.
Rupture of the distal biceps is relatively rare and post-operative protocols are typically vague and are used on many patients, regardless of pre-morbid status. The primary objective is to share the ...progressive loading strategy used in the rehabilitation of a strongman athlete following a surgical repair of the distal biceps. An additional objective is to highlight the need for individualized protocols and progressions with respect to patient goals and sport demands, as well as the need for shared decision making (SDM) between the medical doctor, patient, and rehabilitation provider.
The subject is a 39-year-old strong man competitor who suffered a distal biceps rupture while doing a tire flip during training. After having it repaired, the post-operative recovery was unremarkable. The focus of the described intervention was establishing load during rehabilitation exercises that were unique to this individual based on his pre-morbid level of strength and training history as well as the unique demands of his sport.
The patient achieved symmetrical isokinetic strength of the elbow flexors at 60°/second in supine at six months post-operative.
The case highlights a successful outcome in a strongman competitor with a distal biceps rupture repair. Typically, protocols are vague and lack specific standards for establishment of load for exercises. Often starting points and progressions are arbitrary and lack rationale tailored to individual needs and/or pre-morbid status. The case offers a framework for establishing and progressing load while also discussing how a shared decision-making model can lead to positive outcomes.
Social capital discourse occupies an important place in disaster studies. Scholars have adopted various inflections of social capital to explain how those with greater amounts of this crucial ...resource are generally more resilient to disasters and experience speedier recovery. Disaster scholars have also discovered that people typically display altruistic tendencies in the wake of disasters and develop novel networks of mutual support, known as ‘communitas’, which is also seen to build resilience and boost recovery. In this paper, we use the work of Pierre Bourdieu to synthesise these literatures, conceptualising communitas as ‘disaster social capital’. We offer a fleshed‐out definition of disaster social capital to distinguish it from regular social capital and discuss the barriers to, and the enablers of, its formation. While primarily a conceptual discussion, we believe that it has practical and policy value for disaster scholars and practitioners interested in inclusive disaster risk reduction as well as full and just recoveries.
نبذة مختصرة
يحتل خطاب رأس المال الاجتماعي مكانة هامة في دراسات الكوارث. واعتمد الباحثون مختلف أوجه رأس المال الاجتماعي لشرح كيف أن أصحاب رأس المال الاجتماعي الأكبر هم عموماً أكثر قدرة على مواجهة الكوارث ويتعافون بسرعة أكبر. واكتشف علماء الكوارث أيضاً أن الناس عادة ما يؤثرون غيرهم على أنفسهم في أعقاب الكوارث وينشئون شبكات مستحدثة للدعم المتبادل، تعرف باسم “المجتمعات المحلية” التي لها دور أيضاً في بناء القدرة على التحمل وتعزيز التعافي. في هذا المقال، نستخدم عمل بيير بورديو للجمع بين هذه الأدبيات، ووضع مفهوم المجتمعات المحلية باعتبارها “رأس المال الاجتماعي المتعلق بالكوارث”. ونقوم بتقديم تعريفاً منقحاً لرأس المال الاجتماعي في حالات الكوارث للتمييز بينه وبين رأس المال الاجتماعي العادي ومناقشة الحواجز التي تحول دون تكوينه وعوامل تمكينه. رغم أنها مناقشة مفاهيمية في المقام الأول، فإننا نأمل أن تكون لها آثار عملية وسياسية على علماء الكوارث والممارسين المهتمين بالحد من أخطار الكوارث بصورة شاملة، بالإضافة للتعافي الكامل والتام.
摘要
社会资本话语在灾害研究中占据重要位置。学者采用了多个社会资本变化阐明了人们的社会资本越大，在面对灾害时就会越坚韧，且恢复得更快。灾害学学者也发现人们通常在面对灾害前展现利他主义倾向，建立称为“共态”的全新互助网络，该互助网络增强人们的坚韧性和推动恢复。在本文中我们采用皮埃尔•布尔迪厄的研究并综合文献，将共态概念化为“灾害社会资本”我们提供了一种具体的灾害社会资本概念，使其区分于常规社会资本，并讨论了其形成过程的障碍和促成因素。虽然文中主要进行概念讨论，我们希望文章为灾害学学者和相关从业者，就全面降低灾害风险和全面合适的灾后恢复，提供实际性和政策性建议。
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are critical regulators of gene expression and RNA processing that are required for gene function. Yet the dynamics of RBP regulation in single cells is unknown. To ...address this gap in understanding, we developed STAMP (Surveying Targets by APOBEC-Mediated Profiling), which efficiently detects RBP-RNA interactions. STAMP does not rely on ultraviolet cross-linking or immunoprecipitation and, when coupled with single-cell capture, can identify RBP-specific and cell-type-specific RNA-protein interactions for multiple RBPs and cell types in single, pooled experiments. Pairing STAMP with long-read sequencing yields RBP target sites in an isoform-specific manner. Finally, Ribo-STAMP leverages small ribosomal subunits to measure transcriptome-wide ribosome association in single cells. STAMP enables the study of RBP-RNA interactomes and translational landscapes with unprecedented cellular resolution.
In 2015, the needs of hundreds of thousands of refugees who arrived in Germany could only be met by deploying all available civil protection units. This article presents procedures and practices of ...state and non-state formal actors in the field of civil protection and related crisis management structures implemented and established across the board in the municipalities, the Federal Government and mass shelters, in particular in Bavaria. From a disaster research and humanitarian studies perspective we use the concept of “patterns of interpretation” to analyse the application of the “humanitarian emergency” and the “disaster situation” procedures to discuss whether the situation can really be categorized as “either-or” or whether the coexistence of the two served a function in managing such a complex situation. Finally, we discuss some developments that occurred after 2015/16 and consider the extent to which these developments shift or expand the existing patterns of interpretation.
Combating disasters necessitates taking advantage of all means and resources that are available. A number of events in recent years have demonstrated the necessity, as well as the potential of ...well‐integrated and coordinated action between unaffiliated and professional responders. Nevertheless, in practical situations this potential remains largely untapped. This article investigates the case in Germany and asks to which extent known and researched disaster myths impede the cooperation between unaffiliated and professional responders. We combine data from observations of a full‐scale exercise, a representative population survey (N = 1.006), and expert interviews with professional rescue workers to answer our research question. With the results of our research, we have deduced that these disaster myths still significantly influence the perceptions and practical actions of the various involved actors and, as such, that approaches aiming to improve the various forms of cooperation between all available forces must take these underlying assumptions into account.
Recent policy changes highlight the need for citizens to take adaptive actions to reduce flood‐related impacts. Here, we argue that these changes represent a wider behavioral turn in flood risk ...management (FRM). The behavioral turn is based on three fundamental assumptions: first, that the motivations of citizens to take adaptive actions can be well understood so that these motivations can be targeted in the practice of FRM; second, that private adaptive measures and actions are effective in reducing flood risk; and third, that individuals have the capacities to implement such measures. We assess the extent to which the assumptions can be supported by empirical evidence. We do this by engaging with three intellectual catchments. We turn to research by psychologists and other behavioral scientists which focus on the sociopsychological factors which influence individual motivations (Assumption 1). We engage with economists, engineers, and quantitative risk analysts who explore the extent to which individuals can reduce flood related impacts by quantifying the effectiveness and efficiency of household‐level adaptive measures (Assumption 2). We converse with human geographers and sociologists who explore the types of capacities households require to adapt to and cope with threatening events (Assumption 3). We believe that an investigation of the behavioral turn is important because if the outlined assumptions do not hold, there is a risk of creating and strengthening inequalities in FRM. Therefore, we outline the current intellectual and empirical knowledge as well as future research needs. Generally, we argue that more collaboration across intellectual catchments is needed, that future research should be more theoretically grounded and become methodologically more rigorous and at the same time focus more explicitly on the normative underpinnings of the behavioral turn.
This article is categorized under:
Engineering Water > Planning Water
Human Water > Water Governance
Science of Water > Water Extremes
Intellectual catchments engaging with the assumptions of the behavioral turn in FRM.
Preservation of both the integrity and fluidity of biological membranes is a critical cellular homeostatic function. Signaling pathways that govern lipid bilayer fluidity have long been known in ...bacteria, yet no such pathways have been identified in eukaryotes. Here we identify mutants of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae whose growth is differentially influenced by its two principal unsaturated fatty acids, oleic and palmitoleic acid. Strains deficient in the core components of the cell wall integrity (CWI) pathway, a MAP kinase pathway dependent on both Pkc1 (yeast's sole protein kinase C) and Rho1 (the yeast RhoA-like small GTPase), were among those inhibited by palmitoleate yet stimulated by oleate. A single GEF (Tus1) and a single GAP (Sac7) of Rho1 were also identified, neither of which participate in the CWI pathway. In contrast, key components of the CWI pathway, such as Rom2, Bem2 and Rlm1, failed to influence fatty acid sensitivity. The differential influence of palmitoleate and oleate on growth of key mutants correlated with changes in membrane fluidity measured by fluorescence anisotropy of TMA-DPH, a plasma membrane-bound dye. This work provides the first evidence for the existence of a signaling pathway that enables eukaryotic cells to control membrane fluidity, a requirement for division, differentiation and environmental adaptation.
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