The influence of supplemental
l-carnitine was investigated in growing sheep fed rations containing non-protein nitrogen (NPN). The experiment was conducted as a randomized block design with a 2×2 ...factorial arrangement of treatments. Lambs (77.4
kg BW,
n=24) were fed a total mixed ration (12.1–13.6% CP) with two levels of
l-carnitine (0 or 250
ppm) and two levels of NPN (urea contributing 0 or 50% of total dietary N) for a 50-day period. Jugular blood samples were collected at 0, 1, and 3
h post-feeding, and ruminal fluid samples were collected at 1
h post-feeding, during days 1, 8, 29, and 50 of the experiment. Average daily gain (121 versus 214
g) was lower (
P<0.0001) in lambs fed the NPN diets. Lambs consuming diets containing NPN had higher (
P<0.0001) ruminal fluid pH (6.6 versus 5.9), ruminal ammonia N (4.8 versus 2.8
mmol/l), and plasma ammonia N (177.1 versus 49.5
μmol/l) than lambs not fed NPN. Additionally, lambs fed the NPN diets had lower plasma urea N (14.5 versus 17.5
mmol/l;
P<0.003) and thyroxine (T
4) concentrations (65.8 versus 78.4
ng/ml;
P<0.02), and lower T
4:triiodothyronine (T
3) ratio (37.9 versus 43.9;
P<0.02). Plasma glucose concentrations were higher (
P<0.05) in lambs fed
l-carnitine (3.83 versus 3.70
mmol/l). Two oral urea load tests (OULT 1 and OULT 2) were conducted during the 50-day trial. Urea solutions (0.835
g/kg
0.75 BW) were administered as oral drenches. During the OULT 1 (day 10), plasma ammonia N and glucose concentrations were highest (
P<0.0001) in the lambs fed NPN with
l-carnitine compared with lambs fed control,
l-carnitine, and NPN diets. During the OULT 2 (day 50), plasma ammonia N was highest (
P<0.0001) in the NPN and NPN with
l-carnitine groups compared with the control and
l-carnitine groups. Plasma glucose was lowest (
P<0.04) in the NPN with
l-carnitine group compared with the NPN and
l-carnitine groups, but did not differ (
P>0.10) from the control group. Plasma urea N levels in both OULT 1 and OULT 2 were lower (
P<0.0001) in the NPN and NPN with
l-carnitine groups compared with the control and
l-carnitine groups. In the present experiment, production and plasma criteria were affected by NPN incorporation in the diets. Production criteria were not affected by inclusion of
l-carnitine in the diet, however,
l-carnitine reduced experimentally induced hyperammonemia by day 50 of the trial.
Primate Phylogeny and Immunological Distance Lovejoy, C. Owen; Burstein, Albert H.; Heiple, Kingsbury G.
Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science),
1972-May-19, Letnik:
176, Številka:
4036
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Recalculation of the time of divergence of the Pongidae and Hominidae after correction of immunological distance by inclusion of generation length yields minimum dates of approximately 14 million ...years ago.
Models of Human Evolution Glynn Ll. Isaac; Harley, Diahan; Wood, James W. ...
Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science),
07/1982, Letnik:
217, Številka:
4557
Journal Article
A review essay on Helen E. Fisher's The Sex Contract: The Evolution of Human Behavior (New York: William Morrow, 1982); Nancy M. Tanner's On Becoming Human (New York: Cambridge U Press, 1981); Sarah ...B. Hrdy's The Woman That Never Evolved (Cambridge: Harvard U Press, 1981); Peter J. Wilson's Man the Promising Primate: The Conditions of Human Evolution (New Haven: Yale U Press, 1980); Sydney L. Mellen's The Evolution of Love (San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1981 see listings for each of the above works in IRPS No. 32); & C. Owen Lovejoy's "The Origin of Man" (Science, 1981, 211, 23 Jan, 341-3, 45). These works investigate the history of the human species, focusing on human nature, M-F relations, & dietary, social, & sexual behavior; however they fail to take into account revolutions in physical anthropology during the 1960s & 1970s, & early writings by women about women & evolution. Fischer omits new evidence from paleontology & molecular evolution, arguing for a view of prehistoric woman as gatherers who gradually became "sexual athletes" in order to facilitate pair bonding. Tanner, with a social anthropological perspective, elaborates on the woman-as- gatherer theme, & the economic contributions, social bonding, & sexual selections actively made by women. Hrdy supports the idea of an active, independent F, but offers little evidence from paleontology, ecology, or comparative anatomy. M authors Wilson, Mellen, & Lovejoy also ignore recent information from these fields, fail to address views of women written by women, & project typical Western M fantasies onto evolution. Lovejoy's work, in particular, is at odds with the known facts regarding the activity & mobility of all primate Fs. Theories about the past must be internally consistent & recognize existing information; most of these works fail in these respects. K. Hyatt
"Forum": EARLY AMERICAN EMERITI II Alden, John R; Aldridge, A Owen; Freiberg, Malcolm ...
The William and Mary quarterly,
07/1988, Letnik:
45, Številka:
3
Journal Article
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF INSTRUCTION DUTTON, SAMUEL T.; WALTON, GEORGE A.; MOWRY, WILLIAM A. ...
Journal of education (Boston, Mass.),
07/1907, Letnik:
66, Številka:
4 (1639)
Journal Article
