Jedan od najčešćih etioloških čimbenika jetrene lezije gotovo u svim dijelovima svijeta i dalje je alkohol. Konzumacija alkohola
u brojnim je društvima opće prihvaćeni i često nezaobilazni dio ...različitih socijalnih zbivanja, dio je kulture i načina ophođenja, što alkohol u svijetu stavlja među vodeće uzročnike mortaliteta i morbiditeta. Bilo da govorimo o svakodnevnoj konzumaciji ili periodičnom ispijanju veće količine alkohola, njegov se hepatotoksični učinak očituje nizom kliničkih i patohistoloških slika od steatoze, alkoholnog hepatitisa, pa sve do razvoja fibroze i ciroze jetre. Postavljanje dijagnoze alkoholne bolesti jetre (engl. alcoholic liver disease, ALD) i dalje predstavlja izazov jer ne postoje dijagnostički parametri kojima bi se bolest potvrdila ili isključila, već se ista temelji na anamnestičkim podacima o kroničnoj konzumaciji alkohola i isključnim kriterijima drugih mogućih etioloških uzročnika jetrene lezije. Kombinacija specifičnih biomarkera može govoriti u prilog ALD-u, no kako bismo razlučili radi li se o alkoholnoj ili nealkoholnoj bolesti jetre, obrada mora biti usmjerena na isključivanje virusnih, imunoloških, metaboličkih bolesti i morfoloških promjena jetrenog parenhima. U posljednjih nekoliko godina raste incidencija nealkoholne masne bolesti jetre (engl. non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, NAFLD), entiteta koji patohistološkim spektrom i kliničkim tijekom nalikuje ALD-u, a koji se smatra jetrenom prezentacijom metaboličkog sindroma. Budući da količina ispijenog alkohola čini temeljnu razliku između ALD-a i NAFLD-a, do dijagnoze je danas ponekad teže doći zbog porasta broja oboljelih s prekomjernom tjelesnom težinom i drugim elementima metaboličkog sindroma, a koji konzumiraju veće količine alkohola.
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a serious condition that can lead to fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. NAFLD is associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and all of its ...components. According to data, around 25-30% of population has NAFLD. Giving the growing incidence of MetS, obesity and diabetes mellitus type 2, NAFLD related terminal-stage liver disease is becoming prevailing indication for liver transplantation. In order to prevent terminal stage of this disease, it is crucial to determine those that are in risk group, to modify their risk factors and monitor their potential progression. In the absence of other causes of chronic liver disease, the prime diagnosis of NAFLD in daily clinical practice includes anamnesis, laboratory results (increased levels of aminotransferases and gammaglutamil transferases) and imaging methods. The biggest challenge with NAFLD patients is to differentiate simple steatosis from nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and detection of fibrosis, that is the main driver in NAFLD progression. The gold standard for NAFLD diagnosis still remains the liver biopsy (LB). However, in recent years many noninvasive methods were invented, such as transient elastography (TE). TE (FibroScan®, Echosens, Paris, France) is used for diagnosis of pathological differences of liver stiffness measurement (LSM) and controlled attenuation parameter (CAP). Investigations in the last years have confirmed that elastographic parameters of steatsis (CAP) and fibrosis (LSM) are reliable biomarkers to non-invasively assess liver steatosis and fibrosis respectively in NAFLD patients. A quick, straightforward and non-invasive method for NAFLD screening in patients with MetS components is TE-CAP. Once diagnosed, the next step is to determine the presence of fibrosis by LSM which should point out high risk patients. Those patients should be referred to hepatologists. LB may be avoided in a substantial number of patients if TE with CAP is used for screening.
LiAlH4 was modified by mechanical milling and with the addition of 5 wt.% Fe2O3 in order to improve its hydrogen desorption properties. The composite was milled for 1, 3, 5, 7 or 15min, and depending ...on the milling time, various phenomena took place. Up to a milling time of 5min, the particle size of the composite decreases. Further milling leads to the particles agglomeration reaching the size of the starting material after 15min. Moreover, the mechanical milling process leads to the transformation of AlH - 4 to AlH 3 - 6 structure as a result of partial hydrogen desorption. Hydrogen desorption during the milling is the most pronounced in the sample milled for 15min, so this sample has only one hydrogen desorption peak in the temperature-programmed desorption measurements.Mechanical milling with the addition of Fe2O3 for up to 15min improves LiAlH4 hydrogen desorption properties as hydrogen desorption temperature and apparent activation energies decrease.
PDF
