Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the cross-cultural validity of the Filipino version of the Attitude to Disability Scale Physical Disability (Fil-ADS(D)) forms and to describe Filipinos’ ...disability attitudes and its correlations with sociodemographic factors. Methods: Personal and general Fil-ADS(D) forms were distributed to Filipino persons with disability and general adult population, respectively, for self-administration. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to assess cross-cultural validity of Fil-ADS(D). Fil-ADS(D) score correlations with age, education, and financial situation were explored through Spearman rank correlation analysis; correlations with sex, employment, and health and disability status were explored through point-biserial correlation analysis. Results: Factor structure of the original ADS was retained in the Fil-ADS(D) forms making it cross-culturally valid. The forms are valuable for generating information for improving attitudinal barriers and for cross-cultural comparisons. Positive attitudes among respondents and significant yet weak correlation with age and occupation were found.
Physical activity mass media campaigns can deliver physical activity messages to many people, but it remains unclear whether they offer good value for money. We aimed to investigate the ...cost-effectiveness, cost-utility, and costs of physical activity mass media campaigns. A search for economic evaluations (trial- or model-based) and costing studies of physical activity mass media campaigns was performed in six electronic databases (June/2021). The authors reviewed studies independently. A GRADE style rating was used to assess the overall certainty of each modelled economic evaluation. Results were summarised via narrative synthesis. Twenty-five studies (five model-based economic evaluations and 20 costing studies) were included, and all were conducted in high-income countries except for one costing study that was conducted in a middle-income country. The methods and assumptions used in the model-based analyses were highly heterogeneous and the results varied, ranging from the intervention being more effective and less costly (dominant) in two models to an incremental cost of US$130,740 (2020 base year) per QALY gained. The level of certainty of the models ranged from very low (n = 2) to low (n = 3). Overall, intervention costs were poorly reported. There are few economic evaluations of physical activity mass media campaigns available. The level of certainty of the models was judged to be very low to low, indicating that we have very little to little confidence that the results are reliable for decision making. Therefore, it remains unclear to what extent physical activity mass media campaigns offer good value for money. Future economic evaluations should consider selecting appropriate and comprehensive measures of campaign effectiveness, clearly report the assumptions of the models and fully explore the impact of assumptions in the results.
Introduction
Insufficient literature exists regarding the clinimetric properties of the Upright Motor Control Test Knee Extension and Flexion subtests (UMCT‐KE and UMCT‐KF, respectively). This study ...examined the interrater and test‐retest reliability of these subtests, and determined the relationship between the UMCT‐KE and a clinical measure of muscle function in a sample of adults with chronic stroke.
Methods
Three raters independently administered the UMCT‐KE and UMCT‐KF on adults with chronic stroke with spasticity/abnormal movement patterns. Testing of each participant occurred on two occasions (T1 and T2) separated by a two‐week interval. A fourth rater independently administered the Five Times Sit to Stand Test (FTSST), a measure of lower extremity muscle function (power), on T2.
Results
Twenty‐nine adults aged 55 ± 8 years, comprising 21 men (72%), and who were 9 ± 5 years poststroke, completed the study. Most of the participants (66%, 19/29) did not require an assistive device during walking. The UMCT‐KE and UMCT‐KF demonstrated substantial interrater reliability (W = 0.63–0.67 and 0.72–0.75, respectively) and substantial to almost perfect test‐retest reliability across the raters (W = 0.75–0.82 and 0.85–0.87, respectively). The UMCT‐KE showed positive inverse correlation with the FTSST (ρ = −0.52, p = .003).
Conclusions
Scores on both subtests are reproducible within raters and across different raters. The relationship of UMCT‐KE scores with FTSST scores implies that the UMCT‐KE can provide information that relates with the construct of muscle function in a weight‐bearing position.
The UMCT‐KE and UMCT‐KF show substantial to almost perfect reliability in adults with chronic stroke. The UMCT‐KE can provide information that relates with the construct of muscle function in a weight‐bearing position. The feasibility of test administration in patients with lower extremity muscle spasticity, as shown in this study, enhances the clinical relevance of both tests.
Background: The impact of residential setting on the performance of older adults on commonly used instruments of mobility has not been closely investigated.
Objective: This study aimed to (1) explore ...whether mobility test performance differed between those who lived in urban and rural communities, and (2) report preliminary reference values for these tests according to residential setting.
Methods: The study used a descriptive design. Individuals who were aged 60 years and above, had no significant disability, and resided in urban and rural areas in the Philippines (
n
=
1
8
0
), participated in the study. Researchers measured mobility performance using the 10-Meter Walk Test (10MWT) (both comfortable gait velocity (CGV) and fast gait velocity (FGV)), Five Times Sit to Stand Test (FTSST), and Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT). Preliminary reference values for the mobility tests were presented as means, standard deviations, and 95% confidence intervals. Scores were compared based on residential setting (urban versus rural).
Results: Urban-dwellers scored consistently better compared to their rural counterparts on the CGV, FGV, FTSST, and 6MWT using independent samples
t
-test (
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
). Data were further divided according to age and sex, and comparison of the mobility test scores between urban- and rural-dwellers within each subgroup showed similar differences (
p
<
0
.
0
1
).
Conclusion: Results provide preliminary evidence for the influence of residential setting on the mobility test performance of Filipino older adults. The study provides a good starting point for confirmatory research with a representative sample to (1) illustrate differences in mobility performance according to residential setting, (2) investigate how specific factors associated with residential settings contribute to differences in mobility performance, and (3) determine the extent to which clinicians should consider an older person’s residential setting when interpreting mobility test results.
A comprehensive evaluation of physical activity (PA) engagement and policy implementation among Filipino children and adolescents with disabilities is vital in the promotion of an active healthy ...lifestyle. This is the first Para Report Card of the Philippines that presents the available evidence on the 10 commonly used PA indicators. Published and gray literature were searched for country-specific evidence on PA behaviors, physical fitness, and sources of influence. Stakeholders representing relevant national institutions, special education schools, and advocacy groups also provided input on the grades. Only Organized Sport and Government indicators had sufficient data to be graded F and B, respectively. The rest of the indicators were graded as incomplete due to the limited availability of nationally representative data. Findings of the Philippines 2022 Para Report Card on PA highlight the need to strengthen the documentation and evaluation of these indicators among Filipino children and adolescents with disabilities.
Introduction: Primary carers and school teachers and administrators are key influencers in promoting active lifestyle among children with disabilities. The Promoting Active Lifestyle among Children ...with Disability (PALS) Questionnaire aims to determine these influencers' perceptions, capabilities, opportunities, and motivations in active healthy lifestyle promotion. This study evaluated the content validity and feasibility of the Filipino and English versions of the PALS Questionnaire. Methods: Six (6) experts rated the relevance of the items in the Filipino and English versions of the PALS Questionnaire. Item and scale content validity indices (CVI) and agreement among raters (modified kappa k*) were computed. The questionnaires were revised and pilot tested among eleven participants comprising primary carers, and special education (SpEd) teachers and administrators using three methods of administration: online survey, phone interview, and pen-and-paper survey. Results: Scale-level CVI indicated excellent content validity (0.96 - 0.97). Item-level CVI ranged between 0.67 and 1.00. Interrater agreement on the relevance of all items was excellent (k* = 0.82 - 1.00), except for the item on teaching assistants (k* = 0.56). Most participants found the items easy to understand. The average time needed to complete a questionnaire was 30 minutes. The online version of the questionnaire was identified as the most feasible mode of administration. Discussion: The PALS Questionnaire is a valid and practical instrument for measuring the perceptions of Filipino primary carers and SpEd educators' perceptions on promoting children with disabilities’ active healthy lifestyle. Information from the PALS Questionnaire could inform initiatives toward better health and quality of life for the children with disabilities.
Introduction: Engaging in 60 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous activities daily is beneficial for children’s health according to the WHO. However, children with disabilities are less likely to comply ...with the recommended amount of physical activity (PA). The 2022 Philippine Para Report Card indicates the country’s need to take concrete actions to better promote PA among children with disabilities. Family and school teachers are key influencers (KI) for children with disabilities to engage in PA. This study described experiences of KI in promoting PA among children with disabilities. Methods: This qualitative study involved a focus group discussion (FGD) among five participants to explore their experiences in promoting PA among children with disabilities. The participants were purposely identified based on their experience as advocates for children with disabilities and/or qualifications in adapted PA. The FGD was transcribed for thematic analysis. Results: Three themes emerged; (1) PA competencies/capabilities facilitate active lifestyle promotion, (2) Promoting PA involves collaborative and child-centered processes and (3) Sociocultural issues challenge PA promotion. The first theme refers to participants’ description of the necessary knowledge, skills and attitudes that supported their activities and programs on PA. The second theme describes the processes in promoting PA through collaboration and focusing on the child’s special needs. The third theme are the challenges to PA promotion including parenting styles, societal acceptance of children with disabilities, economic constraints and views on policy implementation. Discussion: The participants acknowledged the need to have added competencies in order to promote PA experiences. This helps in developing programs/activities that highlight strengths and abilities of children with disabilities. Partnerships and collaborations, especially with families are helpful supports to promote PA. Participants recommend continuing advocacy for PA through parent and societal education to help overcome some socio-cultural challenges they encounter in PA promotion. Results of this study could serve as a basis for developing partnerships in promoting PA programs for children with disabilities.
Aim: This study aimed to: describe Filipino PTs' knowledge of WHO physical activity (PA) guidelines and their use of behavioral change techniques (BCTs) and theories when promoting PA in older ...adults, and (2) explore factors that potentially influence their engagement in PA promotion. Methods: Filipino PTs who handled older adult clients from March to April 2020 answered an online orprinted survey. Recruitment was done through various practice sites and the PPTA. Descriptive statistics summarized responses and correlational analysis explored whether key determinants and relevant demographic characteristics were linked to PA promotion in older adult clients. Results: There were 72 respondents. Data collection was concluded early following the COVID pandemic restrictions and major changes in the PT practice landscape in the Philippines. More than half were unaware (59.15%), and most could not recall the WHO guidelines (98.61%) correctly. Respondents used a limited range of BCTs when promoting PA. While some were aware of at least one behavior change theory (66.66%), a number were unfamiliar with these (33.33%), with only a small proportion reporting regular use in practice. Eleven out of 18 domains of determinants of PA promotion as well as the age and years of practice of the respondents were found to have a statistically significant positive relationship with PA promotion. Conclusion and Implications: Study results can serve as the basis for programs that improve knowledge of Filipino PTs with regards to WHO PA guidelines and strengthen their use of a wider range of BCTs and theories to guide PA promotion in older adult clients. This can potentially place Filipino PTs at the forefront of addressing this public health concern in the aging Filipino population.
Introduction: Studies have already investigated the practice of physical therapists (PTs) in promoting non-treatment physical activity (NTPA). However, these were done in the context of mostly ...western settings or were not specific to older adult practice. It is still unclear if a similar level of practice and perspectives on NTPA promotion exists in a setting where physical therapy is more associated with rehabilitation than health promotion, such as in the Philippines. Therefore, this study aimed to describe Filipino PTs' knowledge of WHO physical activity (PA) guidelines and their use of behavioral change techniques (BCTs) and theories when promoting PA in older adults. It also explored factors that potentially influenced their engagement in PA promotion. Methods: Filipino PTs who were handling or interested in handling older adult clients from March to April 2020 answered an online/printed survey. Results: More than half of 72 respondents were unaware (59.72%) and most were unable to recall the WHO guidelines (98.61%) correctly. Respondents used a limited range of BCTs when promoting PA. While some (66.66%) were aware of at least one behavior change theory, a number were unfamiliar with all (33.33%) and only a small proportion reported regular use in practice. A number of factors and respondent characteristics were found to have a statistically significant positive relationship with PA promotion. Discussion: Study results can serve as preliminary basis for programs that improve promotion of NTPA on older-adult clients by Filipino PTs, specifically regarding knowledge on WHO PA guidelines and their use of a wide range of BCTs and theories. This can potentially place them at the forefront of addressing this health concern in the aging population.
Introduction: The study aimed to understand why and how effective university programs on physical activity work. Methods: Guided by the Health Belief Model in the context of a realist review design, ...the researchers conducted a search among seven peer-reviewed electronic databases in the health and education fields. Two reviewers independently conducted title, abstract, and full-text screening for each study. Disagreements in the screening and study selection phases were resolved through consensus. Data pertaining to the contexts, mechanisms, and outcomes (CMO) of university-based physical activity programs were extracted and analyzed using descriptive statistics. Content analysis was also conducted to inform the CMO configurations. Results: The search identified a total of 6219 records, of which 16 programs contributed to data synthesis. Eight CMO statements were created with the following key themes: 1) tailored and individualized interventions, 2) medium-term incentivization, 3) lifestyle education programs utilizing information and communications technology, 4) interdisciplinary multicomponent programs, 5) use of self-monitoring strategies, 6) social support, 7) shared experiences among employees and students, and 8) theory-based physical activity programs. Analysis of the mechanisms of these effective university-based physical activity programs revealed processes and structures that were consistent with the elements of the Health Belief Model. Discussion: The results of this review demonstrate that effective university wellness programs on physical activity are those that address elements of behavior change. Physical therapists working in and with universities can further advocate for physical activity engagement among university constituents through their involvement in program and policy creation, implementation, and evaluation.
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