Bacterium-like particles (BLPs) are hollow peptidoglycan particles obtained from food-grade
Lactococcus lactis
inactivated by hot acid. With the advantage of easy preparation, high safety, great ...stability, high loading capacity, and high mucosal delivery efficiency, BLPs can load and display proteins on the surface with the help of protein anchor (PA), making BLPs a proper delivery system. Owning to these features, BLPs are widely used in the development of adjuvants, vaccine carriers, virus/antigens purification, and enzyme immobilization. This review has attempted to gather a full understanding of the technical composition, characteristics, applications. The mechanism by which BLPs induces superior adaptive immune responses is also discussed. Besides, this review tracked the latest developments in the field of BLPs, including
Lactobacillus
-derived BLPs and novel anchors. Finally, the main limitations and proposed breakthrough points to further enhance the immunogenicity of BLPs vaccines were discussed, providing directions for future research. We hope that further developments in the field of antigen delivery of subunit vaccines or others will benefit from BLPs.
Despites
Providencia heimbachae
has been isolated from human, penguin, and bovine fetus, relatively little information is available regarding the pathogenicity and biologic characteristics of
P. ...heimbachae
. Here, we report that investigation of post-weaning diarrhea yielded bacterial isolates identified as
P. heimbachae
based on the biochemical tests and 16S ribosomal DNA sequence analysis. The two isolates were positive for utilization of Malonate, no gas production from glucose, and non-fermentation of D-mannitol, D-Galactose, and L-Rhamnose that were different from those of the type strain, and both of them have the ability of adhesion and invasion to IPEC-J2 cells, and were resistant to 21 out of the 41 antibiotics tested. In addition, the isolate 99101 was highly pathogenic to mice and piglets. Histopathology studies on nerve tissue of piglets that developed hindlimb paralysis showed microglia cell infiltration and neuron damage in the spinal cord. Notably, the strains could grow under low temperature (4 °C), which raise attention of a new risk factor for food safety. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of
P. heimbachae
strain caused post-weaning diarrhea in piglets in both natural and experimental conditions. These findings extended the knowledge of
P. heimbachae
as an important zoonotic agent, which should be given more attention during surveillance and diagnostics.
•High-quality Cu-based perovskite CsCu2I3 thin films were grown on GaN substrates.•The type-II heterojunction photodetector based on CuI/CsCu2I3/GaN was fabricated.•The photodetector can realize ...self-powered detection.•The photodetector has high on/off ratios of 97886 (UV) and 31255 (red) at 0 V.
Self-powered ultraviolet (UV) photodetectors have far-reaching applications in the nanoelectronics. In this work, nontoxic copper halide perovskite CsCu2I3 thin films were grown by vacuum thermal evaporation method on n-GaN substrates. The p-CuI/CsCu2I3/n-GaN heterojunction photodetectors exhibit obvious sensitivity and self-powered characteristics in the ultraviolet (∼365 nm) narrowband. The device exhibits excellent reproducibility and a high on/off ratio of 97,886 under zero bias voltage. Furthermore, under UV illumination, the responsivity, specific detectivity, and external quantum efficiency reach 71.7 mA/W, 3.3 × 1012 Jones, and 26.1% at 0 V bias, respectively. The result provides a new strategy to design a highly integrated monolithic device for self-powered detection
The mechanism of UV photodetectors based on the ferroelectric depolarization field is reviewed. According to the different roles of ferroelectric films, UV photodetectors based on the depolarization ...field are summarized and classified.
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Ultraviolet (UV) photodetectors are extensively adopted in the fields of the Internet of Things, optical communications and imaging. Nowadays, with broadening the application scope of UV photodetectors, developing integrated devices with more functionalities rather than basic photo-detecting ability are highly required and have been triggered ever-growing interest in scientific and industrial communities. Ferroelectric thin films have become a potential candidate in the field of UV detection due to their wide bandgap and unique photovoltaic characteristics. Additionally, ferroelectric thin films perform excellent dielectric, piezoelectric, pyroelectric, acousto-optic effects, etc., which can satisfy the demand for the diversified development of UV detectors. In this review, according to the different roles of ferroelectric thin films in the device, the UV photodetectors based on ferroelectric films are classified into ferroelectric depolarization field driven type, ferroelectric depolarization field and built-in electric field co-driven type, and ferroelectric field enhanced type. These three types of ferroelectric UV photodetectors have great potential and are expected to promote the development of a new generation of UV detection technology. At the end of the paper, the advantages and challenges of three types of ferroelectric UV photodetectors are summarized, and the possible development direction in the future is proposed.
As an important component of future electronic devices, photodetectors require mechanical flexibility, and stretchability to meet the demands of conformal, portable, and lightweight applications. As ...expected, flexible photodetectors (FPDs) were born timely and have obtained rapid development driven by the considerable progress of the optoelectronic industry. Especially, FPDs appear to serve as a bridge between electronic information systems and biological systems due to their potential functional applications including wearable devices, artificial intelligence, bionics devices, etc. However, the poor mechanical stability, narrow spectral response range, low responsivities and difficulty in miniaturization of traditional FPDs have greatly limited their commercial and industrial applications. One of the most promising routes toward addressing the inherent shortcomings of FPDs is through constructing novel micro/nano-structured integrated flexible detection systems to achieve diverse functions and enhance performance, hence facilitating flexible integration. In this review, the recent advances in performance-enhancing strategies for FPDs are outlined and discussed. First, the detection mechanism, performance enhancement mode, and key figures-of-merit of FPDs are summarized and basic design principles of the FPDs are discussed emphatically. Then, recent progress in structural engineering-based performance enhancement of FPDs is reviewed, categorized by the types of enhancement, electric field manipulation engineering, strain engineering, and optical field manipulation engineering. Moreover, this review also summarizes the integration strategies for the application of FPDs and finally puts forward the challenges and future research directions in these fields.
•The device composition, physical properties and working principle of flexible detectors are summarized.•Enhancement strategies for flexible detectors are studied with focus on: optical enhancement, electrical enhancement, and mechanical enhancement.•Different enhancement strategies for the application of flexible detectors in biosensing, optoelectronic integration and neural networks are reviewed.•Challenges and future perspective of next-generation flexible optoelectronic integrated system are envisioned.
Clostridium perfringens is ubiquitously distributed and capable of secreting toxins, posing a significant threat to animal health. Infections caused by Clostridium perfringens, such as Necrotic ...Enteritis (NE), result in substantial economic losses to the livestock industry annually. However, there is no effective commercial vaccine available. Hence, we set out to propose an effective approach for multi-epitope subunit vaccine construction utilizing biomolecules. We utilized immunoinformatics to design a novel multi-epitope antigen against C. perfringens (CPMEA). Furthermore, we innovated novel bacterium-like particles (BLPs) through thermal acid treatment of various Lactobacillus strains and selected BLP23017 among them. Then, we detailed the structure of CPMEA and BLPs and utilized them to prepare a multi-epitope vaccine. Here, we showed that our vaccine provided full protection against C. perfringens infection after a single dose in a mouse model. Additionally, BLP23017 notably augmented the secretion of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) and enhanced antibody production. We conclude that our vaccine possess safety and high efficacy, making it an excellent candidate for preventing C. perfringens infection. Moreover, we demonstrate our approach to vaccine construction and the preparation of BLP23017 with distinct advantages may contribute to the prevention of a wider array of diseases and the novel vaccine development.
•Using Clostridium perfringens multi-epitope antigen (CPMEA) as immune antigen can achieve complete resistance to C. perfringens infection through only one dose immunization.•A variety of novel bacterium-like particles (BLPs) were prepared, and BLP23107, which has the strongest immunomodulatory ability, was screened and demonstrated to have good biosafety in vitro.•Adding BLP23017 to the subunit vaccine enhances the effect of aluminum adjuvant, accelerates antibody production, and significantly increases secretion of secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA).•We established a new approach for multi-epitope subunit construction using lactobacilli-derived adjuvants combined with immunoinformatics-driven antigens proven to be effective in a mouse model
Aleutian mink disease (AMD) is one of the most serious diseases in minks worldwide, it brings tremendous financial losses in mink farming. AMD virus (AMDV) has unusually high genetic diversity, its ...genomic structure remains unclear. In 2014, sudden death of breeding minks was occurred in northeast China. After clinical signs evaluation and virus isolation, AMDV was identified in all sudden death minks, we investigated the complete genomic sequence of AMDV-LM isolated from the sudden death case. The full-genome sequence of AMDV-LM was 7 nucleotides (nts) or 8 nts longer than isolates AMDV-BJ and AMDV-G. AMDV-LM contained two unique nucleotide changes in VP2 (G79T, T710C), which led to two amino acid changes G27W and L237S. For NS1, some unique point mutations, such as A374C, A428C, A463C, and T476A were found and resulted in four unique amino acid mutations at N24V, H125P, V143P, K155Q, and V159N, respectively. The predicted secondary structure of the 5′ terminal of AMDV-LM formed a large bubble formation near the 5′ end, which affected the stability of the U-shaped hairpin. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that AMDV-LM was closely related to Chinese isolates and confirmed that AMDV strains circulating in China had different origins of ancestors. This study was first to investigate the association of sudden death of adult breeding minks with AMDV infection. Our findings provide useful suggestions for evaluation of the pathogenic potential of AMDV, additional details on AMDV genome characterization were also presented. Future work should focus on the importance of AMDV-LM strain in mink infection.
•Isolated and identified the novel AMDV-LM associated with the sudden death of adult breeding minks.•The isolated AMDV-LM contained two unique amino acid change in VP2 and four amino acid mutations in NS1.•The 5′ terminal of AMDV-LM formed a large bubble formation could affect the stability of the U-shaped hairpin.•AMDV strains circulating in China has different origins of ancestors.
Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are a biologically plausible neural network model with significant advantages in both event-driven processing and spatio-temporal information processing, rendering SNNs ...an appealing choice for energyefficient object detection. However, the non-differentiability of the biological neuronal dynamics model presents a challenge during the training of SNNs. Furthermore, a suitable decoding strategy for object detection in SNNs is currently lacking. In this study, we introduce the Current Mean Decoding (CMD) method, which solves the regression problem to facilitate the training of deep SNNs for object detection tasks. Based on the gradient surrogate and CMD, we propose the SNN-YOLOv3 model for object detection. Our experiments demonstrate that SNN-YOLOv3 achieves a remarkable performance with an mAP of 61.87% on the PASCAL VOC dataset, requiring only 6 time steps. Compared to SpikingYOLO, we have managed to increase mAP by nearly 10% while reducing energy consumption by two orders of magnitude.
Abstract
The effective acquisition of clean water from atmospheric water offers a potential sustainable solution for increasing global water and energy shortages. In this study, an asymmetric ...amphiphilic surface incorporating self-driven triboelectric adsorption was developed to obtain clean water from the atmosphere. Inspired by cactus spines and beetle elytra, the asymmetric amphiphilic surface was constructed by synthesizing amphiphilic cellulose ester coatings followed by coating on laser-engraved spines of fluorinated ethylene propylene. Notably, the spontaneous interfacial triboelectric charge between the droplet and the collector was exploited for electrostatic adsorption. Additionally, the droplet triboelectric nanogenerator converts the mechanical energy generated by droplets falling into electrical energy through the volume effect, achieving an excellent output performance, and further enhancing the electrostatic adsorption by means of external charges, which achieved a water harvesting efficiency of 93.18 kg/m
2
h. This strategy provides insights for the design of water harvesting system.
