Orchidaceae, with more than 25,000 species, is one of the largest flowering plant families that can successfully colonize wide ecological niches, such as land, trees, or rocks, and its members are ...divided into epiphytic, terrestrial, and saprophytic types according to their life forms. Cellulose synthase (
CesA
) and cellulose synthase-like (
Csl
) genes are key regulators in the synthesis of plant cell wall polysaccharides, which play an important role in the adaptation of orchids to resist abiotic stresses, such as drought and cold. In this study, nine whole-genome sequenced orchid species with three types of life forms were selected; the CesA/Csl gene family was identified; the evolutionary roles and expression patterns of CesA/Csl genes adapted to different life forms and abiotic stresses were investigated. The CesA/Csl genes of nine orchid species were divided into eight subfamilies: CesA and CslA/B/C/D/E/G/H, among which the CslD subfamily had the highest number of genes, followed by CesA, whereas CslB subfamily had the least number of genes. Expansion of the CesA/Csl gene family in orchids mainly occurred in the CslD and CslF subfamilies. Conserved domain analysis revealed that eight subfamilies were conserved with variations in orchids. In total, 17 pairs of CesA/Csl homologous genes underwent positive selection, of which 86%, 14%, and none belonged to the epiphytic, terrestrial, and saprophytic orchids, respectively. The inter-species collinearity analysis showed that the CslD genes expanded in epiphytic orchids. Compared with terrestrial and saprophytic orchids, epiphytic orchids experienced greater strength of positive selection, with expansion events mostly related to the CslD subfamily, which might have resulted in strong adaptability to stress in epiphytes. Experiments on stem expression changes under abiotic stress showed that the CslA might be a key subfamily in response to drought stress for orchids with different life forms, whereas the CslD might be a key subfamily in epiphytic and saprophytic orchids to adapt to freezing stress. This study provides the basic knowledge for the further systematic study of the adaptive evolution of the CesA/Csl superfamily in angiosperms with different life forms, and research on orchid-specific functional genes related to life-history trait evolution.
Bracts are the metamorphic non-flower organ in angiosperm plants. The variation of the color and shape of bracts was found to be neo-functionalized (i.e., similar to petals), garnering research ...interest as a pollinator attractor.
Bougainvillea
is known for its specialized, large, and colorful bracts, which contrast with its tiny colorless flowers. As a plant whose bracts vary greatly in terms of coloration, the molecular mechanisms for
Bougainvillea
bract coloration and polychroism are largely unknown. The lack of genomic information for
Bougainvillea
largely hinders studies into the evolution and genetic basis of bract color variation. In this study, a pan-transcriptome of bracts obtained from 18
Bougainvillea glabra
accessions was employed to investigate the global population-level germplasm kinship and the gene regulation network for bract color variation. Our results showed that the bracts of
B. glabra
accessions have largely differentiated International Commission on Illumination (CIE) L-a-b values. Moreover, germplasm kinship detected using principal component analysis, phylogeny, and admixture analysis showed three optimal subgroups, two of them distinctly clustered, which were not directly correlated with bract color variation at the population level. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between accessions of high vs. low L-a-b values revealed several considerable upregulated genes related to bract color L-a-b variation. A weighted gene co-expression network was constructed, and eight co-expressed regulation modules were identified that were highly correlated with variation in bract CIE L-a-b color values. Several candidate DEGs and co-expressed hub genes (e.g.,
GERD
,
SGR
,
ABCA3
,
GST
,
CYP76AD1
,
CYP76C
, and
JAZ
) that were tightly associated with bract color variation were eventually determined responsible for L-a-b colorations, which might be the core regulation factors contributing to the
B. glabra
bract color variation. This study provides valuable insights into the research on germplasm kinship, population-level pan-transcriptome expression profiles, and the molecular basis of color variation of key innovative bracts in horticultural
Bougainvillea
.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the reported associations between the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) and a variety of proton pump inhibitors (PPI) ...through analysis of the reports extracted from the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS).
FAERS reports from January 2004 to March 2020 were used to conduct disproportionality and Bayesian analyses. The definition of SIADH relied on the preferred terms provided by the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities. The time to onset, mortality, and hospitalization rates of PPI-related SIADH were also investigated.
The study identified a total of 273 reports of PPI-associated SIADH, which appeared to influence more elderly than middle-aged patients (71.1% vs. 12.5%). Women were more affected than men (48.7% vs. 41.8%). Rabeprazole had a stronger SIADH association than other PPIs based on the highest reporting odds ratio (reporting odds ratio = 13.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 7.2, 24.9), proportional reporting ratio (proportional reporting ratio = 13.3, χ
= 113.7), and empirical Bayes geometric mean (empirical Bayes geometric mean = 13.3, 95% CI = 7.9). The median time to SIADH onset was 22 (interquartile range 6-692) days after PPI administration. PPI-associated SIADH generally led to a 2.95% fatality rate and a 79.7% hospitalization rate. The highest hospitalization death rate occurred in esomeprazole (91.2%).
According to our findings, more attention should be paid to SIADH within the first several months after the administration of PPIs. For women older than 65 years, dexlansoprazole may reduce the incidence of PPI-associated SIADH. Nonetheless, larger epidemiological studies are suggested to verify this conclusion.
Pistachio is a nut crop domesticated in the Fertile Crescent and a dioecious species with ZW sex chromosomes. We sequenced the genomes of Pistacia vera cultivar (cv.) Siirt, the female parent, and ...P. vera cv. Bagyolu, the male parent. Two chromosome-level reference genomes of pistachio were generated, and Z and W chromosomes were assembled. The ZW chromosomes originated from an autosome following the first inversion, which occurred approximately 8.18 Mya. Three inversion events in the W chromosome led to the formation of a 12.7-Mb (22.8% of the W chromosome) non-recombining region. These W-specific sequences contain several genes of interest that may have played a pivotal role in sex determination and contributed to the initiation and evolution of a ZW sex chromosome system in pistachio. The W-specific genes, including defA, defA-like, DYT1, two PTEN1, and two tandem duplications of six VPS13A paralogs, are strong candidates for sex determination or differentiation. Demographic history analysis of resequenced genomes suggest that cultivated pistachio underwent severe domestication bottlenecks approximately 7640 years ago, dating the domestication event close to the archeological record of pistachio domestication in Iran. We identified 390, 211, and 290 potential selective sweeps in 3 cultivar subgroups that underlie agronomic traits such as nut development and quality, grafting success, flowering time shift, and drought tolerance. These findings have improved our understanding of the genomic basis of sex determination/differentiation and horticulturally important traits and will accelerate the improvement of pistachio cultivars and rootstocks.
This study reports the generation of chromosome-level reference genomes of the female Pistacia vera cultivar Siirt and the male P. vera cultivar Bagyolu and the assembly of Z and W chromosomes. W-specific genes such as defA, defA-like, and DYT1 were detected, and selective sweeps that underlie agronomic traits such as nut development and quality, grafting success, flowering time shift, and drought tolerance were identified.
To solve the problem of low accuracy and slow speed of drone detection in high-resolution images with fixed cameras, we propose a detection method combining background difference and lightweight ...network SAG-YOLOv5s. First, background difference is used to extract potential drone targets in high-resolution images, eliminating most of the background to reduce computational overhead. Secondly, the Ghost module and SimAM attention mechanism are introduced on the basis of YOLOv5s to reduce the total number of model parameters and improve feature extraction, and α-DIoU loss is used to replace the original DIoU loss to improve the accuracy of bounding box regression. Finally, to verify the effectiveness of our method, a high-resolution drone dataset is made based on the public data set. Experimental results show that the detection accuracy of the proposed method reaches 97.6%, 24.3 percentage points higher than that of YOLOv5s, and the detection speed in 4K video reaches 13.2 FPS, which meets the actual demand and is significantly better than similar algorithms. It achieves a good balance between detection accuracy and detection speed and provides a method benchmark for high-resolution drone detection under a fixed camera.
lThe Mongolia oak trees in drier portions grew slower than those in wetter portionslDrought restricted Mongolia oak tree growth in dry regions than in wetter regionslDryness will reduce tree growth ...rate markedly in the period 2021-2100lDrought suppression will increase in dry regions in the period 2021-2100lMongolian oak forests will likely shift towards wet regions with warmer climate
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Mongolian oak is a widely distributed tree species in broadleaf forests of North China, which are susceptible to increasing drought. Expansion of oak species ranges has been reported in Europe, America, and Asia with drought and heat stress, and thus, oak species are often deemed to be drought-resistant. As an expanding species in our study region, the Mongolian oak (Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb) was used to investigate how tree growth rate and drought resistance change along a moisture gradient. In this study, we used a network of Mongolian oak tree-ring samples across a wide range of moisture gradients in North China to assess oak tree growth and its response to drought under different moisture conditions. Our results revealed that spatial variation in tree radial growth rate was highly related to the regions’ moisture index, an index indicating moisture condition. Oak trees in drier portions grew slower than those in wetter portions and their growth was more sensitive to drought events. We used an ensemble of climate projections from general circulation models to predict future changes in the Ivanov moisture index, and then estimated the tree growth rate and drought-growth correlation for the period 2021–2100. Increased dryness is likely to reduce tree average growth rate markedly and increase the drought sensitivity of radial growth in the expanding dry portions of our study region, leading to substantial overall drought suppression of growth. Our results suggest that dryness will present an increasing challenge for the continuing expansion of Mongolia oak in already dry areas of North China, whereas oak trees will thrive better in high moisture conditions. The distribution of Mongolia oak trees will likely shift to regions with increased moisture availability, especially under the increasing drought.
•Drought reduced oak growth but no difference existed among mild to extreme droughts.•Drought intensity increased recovery, reduced resistance, and increased resilience.•Prolonged drought duration ...impaired the recovery and prevented compensatory growth.
Global forests suffer from increasing drought pressure, as drought are more intense, and last for longer, and occur more frequently, but how drought intensity and duration affect post-drought growth recovery and compensatory growth is still poorly known. Understanding the immediate and subsequent impacts of drought on tree growth is key to predict future forest dynamics. Here, we used a network of tree-ring data of 735 Quercus mongolica trees from 27 sites of North China representing a large portion of its distribution to study the effects of drought intensity and duration on radial growth. We analyzed growth resistance, recovery, and resilience of Q. mongolica by linking it to drought intensity and duration, and further quantified the post-drought growth trajectories. Our results confirmed that current summer drought is a major influence on radial growth of Q. mongolica across its distribution. While drought occurrence was related to decreased growth even for incipient droughts, we found no differences in growth decline with drought severity. Although drought intensity did not alter growth decline in dry years, drought intensity was positively related to recovery and resilience indices. The damage of recovery is due to the extension of drought duration rather than drought intensity. However, post-drought growth was even more strongly related to drought duration and not intensity. Q. mongolica showed compensatory growth in the year following single-year droughts before returning to pre-drought growth-levels, while multi-year drought led to little to no compensatory growth and prolonged growth reductions. Hence, multi-year drought is the key to predict post-drought recovery of Q. mongolica including compensatory growth in an increasingly arid climate.
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The omnidirectional camera, having the advantage of broadening the field of view, realizes 360° imaging in the horizontal direction. Due to light reflection from the mirror surface, the collinearity ...relation is altered and the imaged scene has severe nonlinear distortions. This makes it more difficult to estimate the pose of the omnidirectional camera. To solve this problem, we derive the mapping from omnidirectional camera to traditional camera and propose an omnidirectional camera linear imaging model. Based on the linear imaging model, we improve the EPnP algorithm to calculate the omnidirectional camera pose. To validate the proposed solution, we conducted simulations and physical experiments. Results show that the algorithm has a good performance in resisting noise.
In response to the problem of the small field of vision in 3D reconstruction, a 3D reconstruction system based on a catadioptric camera and projector was built by introducing a traditional camera to ...calibrate the catadioptric camera and projector system. Firstly, the intrinsic parameters of the camera and the traditional camera are calibrated separately. Then, the calibration of the projection system is accomplished by the traditional camera. Secondly, the coordinate system is introduced to calculate, respectively, the position of the catadioptric camera and projector in the coordinate system, and the position relationship between the coordinate systems of the catadioptric camera and the projector is obtained. Finally, the projector is used to project the structured light fringe to realize the reconstruction using a catadioptric camera. The experimental results show that the reconstruction error is 0.75 mm and the relative error is 0.0068 for a target of about 1 m. The calibration method and reconstruction method proposed in this paper can guarantee the ideal geometric reconstruction accuracy.
Saliency detection is a technique for automatically extracting regions of interest from the background and has been widely used in the computer vision field. This study proposes a simple and ...effective saliency detection method combining color contrast and hash fingerprint. In our solution, the input image is segmented into nonoverlapping superpixels, so as to perform the saliency detection at the region level to reduce computational complexity. A background optimization selection is used to construct an accurate background template. Based on this, a saliency map that highlights the whole salient region is obtained by estimating color contrast. Besides, another saliency map that enhances the salient region while restraining the background is also generated through hash fingerprint matching. Ultimately, the final saliency map can be obtained by fusing the two saliency maps. Comparing the performance with other methods, the proposed algorithm works better even in the presence of complex background or very large salient regions.
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