Summary
The composition of the gut microbiota and excessive ingestion of high‐fat diets (HFD) are considered to be important factors for development of obesity. In this review we describe a coherent ...mechanism of action for the development of obesity, which involves the composition of gut microbiota, HFD, low‐grade inflammation, expression of fat translocase and scavenger receptor CD36, and the scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR‐BI). SR‐BI binds to both lipids and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Gram‐negative bacteria, which may promote incorporation of LPS in chylomicrons (CMs). These CMs are transported via lymph to the circulation, where LPS is transferred to other lipoproteins by translocases, preferentially to HDL. LPS increases the SR‐BI binding, transcytosis of lipoproteins over the endothelial barrier,and endocytosis in adipocytes. Especially large size adipocytes with high metabolic activity absorb LPS‐rich lipoproteins. In addition, macrophages in adipose tissue internalize LPS‐lipoproteins. This may contribute to the polarization from M2 to M1 phenotype, which is a consequence of increased LPS delivery into the tissue during hypertrophy. In conclusion, evidence suggests that LPS is involved in the development of obesity as a direct targeting molecule for lipid delivery and storage in adipose tissue.
We analyse the redshift evolution of the mass-metallicity relation in a sample of 110 Damped Lyman α absorbers (DLAs) spanning the redshift range z = 0.11-5.06 and find that the zero-point of the ...correlation changes significantly with redshift. The evolution is such that the zero-point is constant at the early phases of galaxy growth (i.e. no evolution) but then features a sharp break at z = 2.6 ± 0.2 with a rapid incline towards lower redshifts such that damped absorbers of identical masses are more metal rich at later times than earlier. The slope of this mass-metallicity correlation evolution is 0.35 ± 0.07 dex per unit redshift.
We compare this result to similar studies of the redshift evolution of emission selected galaxy samples and find a remarkable agreement with the slope of the evolution of galaxies of stellar mass log(M
*/M) 8.5. This allows us to form an observational tie between damped absorbers and galaxies seen in emission.
We use results from simulations to infer the virial mass of the dark matter halo of a typical DLA galaxy and find a ratio (M
vir/M
*) 30.
We compare our results to those of several other studies that have reported strong transition-like events at redshifts around z = 2.5-2.6 and argue that all those observations can be understood as the consequence of a transition from a situation where galaxies were fed more unprocessed infalling gas than they could easily consume to one where they suddenly become infall starved and turn to mainly processing, or re-processing, of previously acquired gas.
Lynch syndrome is the most common genetic predisposition for hereditary cancer but remains underdiagnosed. Large prospective observational studies have recently increased understanding of the ...effectiveness of colonoscopic surveillance and the heterogeneity of cancer risk between genotypes. The need for gene- and gender-specific guidelines has been acknowledged.
The European Hereditary Tumour Group (EHTG) and European Society of Coloproctology (ESCP) developed a multidisciplinary working group consisting of surgeons, clinical and molecular geneticists, pathologists, epidemiologists, gastroenterologists, and patient representation to conduct a graded evidence review. The previous Mallorca guideline format was used to revise the clinical guidance. Consensus for the guidance statements was acquired by three Delphi voting rounds.
Recommendations for clinical and molecular identification of Lynch syndrome, surgical and endoscopic management of Lynch syndrome-associated colorectal cancer, and preventive measures for cancer were produced. The emphasis was on surgical and gastroenterological aspects of the cancer spectrum. Manchester consensus guidelines for gynaecological management were endorsed. Executive and layperson summaries were provided.
The recommendations from the EHTG and ESCP for identification of patients with Lynch syndrome, colorectal surveillance, surgical management of colorectal cancer, lifestyle and chemoprevention in Lynch syndrome that reached a consensus (at least 80 per cent) are presented.
In this paper we describe the first data release of the UltraVISTA near-infrared imaging survey of the COSMOS field. We summarise the key goals and design of the survey and provide a detailed ...description of our data reduction techniques. We provide stacked, sky-subtracted images in YJHKs and narrow-band filters constructed from data collected during the first year of UltraVISTA observations. Our stacked images reach 5σAB depths in an aperture of 2″ diameter of ~25 in Y and ~24 in JHKs bands and all have sub-arcsecond seeing. To this 5σ limit, our Ks catalogue contains 216 268 sources. We carry out a series of quality assessment tests on our images and catalogues, comparing our stacks with existing catalogues. The 1σ astrometric rms in both directions for stars selected with 17.0 < Ks(AB) < 19.5 is ~0.08″ in comparison to the publicly-available COSMOS ACS catalogues. Our images are resampled to the same pixel scale and tangent point as the publicly available COSMOS data and so may be easily used to generate multi-colour catalogues using this data. All images and catalogues presented in this paper are publicly available through ESO’s “phase 3” archiving and distribution system and from the UltraVISTA web site.
Life‐history trade‐offs occur as a consequence of the compromise between maximization of different components such as the size and the number of clutches. Flight initiation distance (FID) potentially ...constitutes a general proximate factor influencing such trade‐offs reflecting the risks that individuals take. Therefore, greater investment in reproduction occurs at a higher risk of death, resulting in selection for efficient flight morphology. I analysed long‐term data on FID in a population of barn swallows Hirundo rustica during 1984–2013 with 2196 records of FID for 1789 individuals. FID had a repeatability of 0.62 (SE = 0.04) and a heritability of 0.48 (SE = 0.07). FID varied between individuals and sites, and it increased over time as climate ameliorated. FID showed a U‐shaped relationship with age, with young and very old individuals having the longest FIDs. Barn swallows that arrived early from spring migration, started to breed early and produced many fledglings had the longest FID. Individuals with the longest tails had the longest FID, and individuals with the shortest aspect ratios and wing loadings had the longest FID. Individuals that died from predation had shorter FID than survivors. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that FID relates directly to life history, with longer FIDs being associated with smaller levels of risk‐taking.
We present the final data release of the APEX low-redshift legacy survey for molecular gas (ALLSMOG), comprising CO(2–1) emission line observations of 88 nearby, low-mass (108.5<M∗ M⊙ < 1010) ...star-forming galaxies carried out with the 230 GHz APEX-1 receiver on the APEX telescope. The main goal of ALLSMOG is to probe the molecular gas content of more typical and lower stellar mass galaxies than have been studied by previous CO surveys. We also present IRAM 30 m observations of the CO(1–0) and CO(2–1) emission lines in nine galaxies aimed at increasing the M∗< 109M⊙ sample size. In this paper we describe the observations, data reduction and analysis methods and we present the final CO spectra together with archival Hi 21 cm line observations for the entire sample of 97 galaxies. At the sensitivity limit of ALLSMOG, we register a total CO detection rate of 47%. Galaxies with higher M∗, SFR, nebular extinction (AV), gas-phase metallicity (O/H), and Hi gas mass have systematically higher CO detection rates. In particular, the parameter according to which CO detections and non-detections show the strongest statistical differences is the gas-phase metallicity, for any of the five metallicity calibrations examined in this work. We investigate scaling relations between the CO(1–0) line luminosity (L'CO(1-0)) and galaxy-averaged properties using ALLSMOG and a sub-sample of COLD GASS for a total of 185 sources that probe the local main sequence (MS) of star-forming galaxies and its ± 0.3 dex intrinsic scatter from M∗ = 108.5M⊙ to M∗ = 1011M⊙. L'CO(1-0) is most strongly correlated with the SFR, but the correlation with M∗ is closer to linear and almost comparably tight. The relation between L'CO(1-0) and metallicity is the steepest one, although deeper CO observations of galaxies with AV< 0.5 mag may reveal an as much steep correlation with AV. Our results suggest that star-forming galaxies across more than two orders of magnitude in M∗ obey similar scaling relations between CO luminosity and the galaxy properties examined in this work. Besides SFR, the CO luminosity is likely most fundamentally linked to M∗, although we note that stellar mass alone cannot explain all of the variation in CO emission observed as a function of O/H and MHI.
Abstract
Migratory animals experience very different environmental conditions at different times of the year,
i.e
., at the breeding grounds, during migration, and in winter. The long-tailed duck
...Clangula hyemalis
breeds in the Arctic regions of the northern hemisphere and migrates to temperate climate zones, where it winters in marine environments. The breeding success of the long-tailed duck is affected by the abundances of predators and their main prey species, lemmings
Lemmus sibiricus
and
Dicrostonyx torquatus
, whose population fluctuation is subject to climate change. In the winter quarters, long-tailed ducks mainly eat the blue mussel
Mytilus edulis
. We examined how North-west Siberian lemming dynamics, assumed as a proxy for predation pressure, affect long-tailed duck breeding success and how nutrient availability in the Baltic Sea influences long-tailed duck population size via mussel biomass and quality. Evidence suggests that the long-tailed duck population dynamics was predator-driven on the breeding grounds and resource-driven on the wintering grounds. Nutrients from fertilizer runoff from farmland stimulate mussel stocks and quality, supporting high long-tailed duck population sizes. The applied hierarchical analysis combining several trophic levels can be used for evaluating large-scale environmental factors that affect the population dynamics and abundance of migrants from one environment to another.
Although the phenology of numerous organisms has advanced significantly in response to recent climate change, the life‐history and population consequences of earlier reproduction remain poorly ...understood. We analysed extensive data on temporal change in laying date and clutch size of birds from Europe and North America to test whether these changes were related to recent trends in population size. Across studies, laying date advanced significantly, while clutch size did not change. However, within populations, changes in laying date and clutch size were positively correlated, implying that species which advanced their laying date the most were also those that increased their clutch size the most. Greater advances in laying date were associated with species that had multiple broods per season, lived in nonagricultural habitats and were herbivorous or predatory. The duration of the breeding season increased for multibrooded species and decreased for single‐brooded species. Changes in laying date and clutch size were not related to changes in population size (for resident or migratory species). This suggests that, across a wide variety of species, mismatches in the timing of egg laying or numbers of offspring have had relatively little influence on population size compared with other aspects of phenology and life history.
Environmental conditions experienced in early life may shape subsequent phenotypic traits including life history. We investigated how predation risk caused by domestic cats (
Felis silvestris catus
) ...and local breeding density affected patterns of reproductive and survival senescence in Barn Swallows (
Hirundo rustica
) breeding semicolonially in Denmark. We recorded the abundance of cats and the number of breeding pairs at 39 breeding sites during 24 years and related these to age-specific survival rate and reproductive senescence to test predictions of the life history theory of senescence. We found evidence for actuarial senescence for the first time in this species. Survival rate increased until reaching a plateau in midlife and then decreased later. We also found that survival rate was higher for males than females. Local breeding density or predation risk did not affect survival as predicted by theory. Barn Swallows with short lives did not invest more in reproduction in early life, inconsistent with expectations for trade-offs between reproduction and survival as theory suggests. However, we found that the rate of reproductive decline during senescence was steeper for individuals exposed to intense competition, and predation pressure accelerated the rate of reproductive senescence, but only in sites with many breeding pairs. These latter results are in accordance with one of the predictions suggested by the life history theory of aging. These results emphasize the importance of considering intraspecific competition and interspecific interactions such as predation when analyzing reproductive and actuarial senescence.
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