Climate change projections indicate that Republic of Serbia and the Western Balkans will face a high probability of continuing temperature increases, climatic extremes are projected to become more ...common, including a significant increase in the number of extreme heat events. Heavier precipitation events are expected in the winter months, whilst summers are projected to become even drier. This paper aims to analyse effect of precipitation changes on landfill gas generation on the Vinča landfill, the biggest landfill in Serbia. Quantities of generated landfill gas and methane have been estimated by using LandGem model. Site specific methane generation rate has been calculated according to GMI methodology for Central Eastern Europe. Sensitivity analyses is performed to determine influence of a precipitation regimes on the methane generation rate on the site. Any increase in precipitation (in range 10-30%) may increase landfill gas production for 4.3%. The paper shows the difference in gas emissions, with the same composition of waste, and different precipitation regimes. Changes in precipitation regimes due to climate change can affect the dynamics of landfill gas emissions. This information is significant for the possible re-circulation of leachate from the landfill which could result in an increased production of landfill gas.
The aim of this paper was to emphasise the need for a volatile organic compounds VOC policy review in the field of river barge transportation of petrochemicals. Review of the VOC policy shows that ...barges neither fall under an integrated pollution prevention and control permit nor any other regulation or incentive related environmental policy. Current situation and trend in this area is presented through a case study of the Danube River, Serbia. The case study shows that evaporative losses have increased c ca 22 times in period 2006–2010 and, that vapour collection system can reduce VOC emissions by up to 3 times. A proposal for improved VOC policy has been developed in detail based on the following elements: a) The appropriate Best Available Techniques reference document (BREF) should include the transport sector; b) Mandatory reporting of VOC emitted during barge transport of crude oil and crude oil derivates should be introduced, and c) A pollution charge should be introduced on all barges without vapour collection system installed “onboard”. Three potential scenarios for the VOC charge are presented, which vary according to the charge introducing dynamics. The differences between scenarios are in initial levels of charge, but the final charge is same for all three and it is proposed to be 220 € per capacity ton.
•Need for VOC policy review in the field of river barge transportation of petrochemicals.•VOC emissions from barges carrying oil derivates in Serbia increased 22 times in four years.•Innovation of VOC policy, with time schedule and taxes, is proposed.
In this study, six 6- and 1,6-substituted-3-cyano-4-methyl-2-pyridones were synthesized in a continuous flow microreactor system. The syntheses were realized at room temperature and the obtained ...results were compared to those achieved within classical syntheses. In order to optimize the continuous flow syntheses and increase the yield of the products, the retention time in the microreactor was varied by changing the flow rates of the reactant solutions. Furthermore, the reaction was optimized for 3-cyano-4,6-dimethyl-2- -pyridone and 3-cyano-6-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pyridone, which are comercially important in the pharmaceutical and dye industries. Both 2-pyridones were obtained in satisfactory yield of circa 60 % in less than 10 min. The resulting compounds were characterized by their melting points, FT-IR, 1H-NMR and UV?Vis spectra. The efficiency of the presented method for the synthesis of 2-pyridone-based molecules has promising potential for industrial production.
This paper deals with environmental policy issues related to a landfill design. The final product of numerous waste treatments should be placed on a landfill. Before waste disposal, the ground should ...be protected by a mineral layer with properties required by the related regulation. In order to prevent environment pollution, EU adopted the Landfill Directive 1999/31/EC. The most important technical requirements related to the characteristics of the layer material are water permeability and thickness. The performed comparative national regulatory analysis raised the question of the need for more uniform elaboration of the directive requirements over the whole European Union area (including EU candidates). The choice of the material for the impermeable mineral layer, which should be made during landfill design, is a very important decision. Methods for the determination of the permeability coefficient were analysed, showing that the Directive should define hydraulic gradient as a physical quantity and define its value through measurement of the permeability coefficient. The paper analyses whether some parts of the Directive, as landfill design BAT and base for national legislative acts, require further elaboration in order to provide sufficient information about proper protection of soil and water. Using integrated approach, seven amendments on the directive annex I were suggested related to (a) the meaning of the term artificially established geological barrier, (b) layer thickness, (c) water permeability coefficient determination, (d) mineral layer lifecycle, (e) the meaning of the term sealing and (f) leaching control of material joints.
Poliklinički informacijski sustav kardiološke poliklinike omogućava kvalitetno upravljanje poslovnim procesima poliklinike. Medicinska sestra provodi zdravstvenu skrb za pacijenta uz podršku ...informacijskog sustava koji podržava identifikaciju i prijam pacijenata, naplatu participacije, fakturiranje obavljenih usluga, narudžbe pacijenata za neinvazivnu dijagnostiku te provođenje dijagnostike. Sestra na svakom pojedinom radilištu unosi osobne podatke pacijenta, nadopunjuje postojeće, a ima mogućnost stavljanja zabilješki kao i uvida u rezultate dijagnostičkih pretraga pacijenata i mišljenja liječnika za pacijente u poliklinici. Uz navedeno sestra evidentira pružene usluge i korišteni materijal te na temelju toga provodi fakturiranje i naplatu usluga. Podatci su dostupni na svim radilištima isključivo ovlaštenim osobama. Uvođenjem informacijskog sustava medicinske sestre na prijamnom šalteru i sestrinskoj ordinaciji evidentiraju administrativne podatke i podatke vezane za dijagnostičku obradu u trenutku kada oni nastaju i na mjestima gdje nastaju. Pristup podatcima je dozvoljen samo uz osobnu lozinku. Olakšava se evidencija dolazaka pacijenata na radilište, omogućava bolja komunikacija s pacijentom u slučaju da pacijenta treba kontaktirati, te je olakšana izrada izvješća kao i analiza podataka. Osim prednosti javljaju se i problemi poput nedovoljne edukacije osoblja i nedovoljne pouzdanosti informatičke infrastrukture koja u slučaju preopterećenosti može usporiti sustav, što oduzima vrijeme i zdravstvenim djelatnicima i pacijentima.
This paper aims to reduce the gap between intensified innovative process designs and the application of enzyme technologies at an industrial scale that often take full advantage of microreactor ...systems. Soybean and potato processing waste was used as the source of peroxidase in both the free and immobilized form for the biodegradation of the Acid Violet 109 anthraquinone dye (AV109) in a PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) microreactor which is 0.5 mm in diameter and 6 m in length. High biodegradation efficiencies of 95 and 76% were achieved by soybean and potato peroxidase respectively after 3 min of residence in the microreactor, with a noticeable lack of hydrogen peroxide inhibition. The reactor’s design, with regard to its diameter and length, significantly affected the biodegradation efficiency. The polymer membrane formation by the cross-linking approach with oxidized pectin and soybean or potato peel peroxidase on the inner PTFE wall was SEM confirmed. The cross-linking efficiency with oxidized pectin of both peroxidases is inversely correlated with the activity, hence the highest recorded activity of immobilized peroxidase was 11 and 19μmol/min of soybean and potato peroxidase, respectively, at an initial pectin concentration of 0.05%. A promising reusability for AV109 biodegradation in the microreactor with immobilized soybean and potato peroxidase was confirmed, since the immobilized peroxidases retained 65 and 35% of the initial activity after the tenth cycle, respectively. The LC–MS and GC–MS techniques confirmed the biodegradation of the AV 109 dye, and the intermediates with a lower molecular weight were separated and identified.
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•Soybean and potato processing waste was used as the source of peroxidase.•Microreactor was used for the biodegradation of anthraquinone dye.•Biodegradation efficiency of 95% and 76% was achieved for both peroxidase.•The peroxidases were immobilized on the inner microreactor surface.•The immobilized enzymes retained 65 and 35% of the activity after tenth cycle.
Background: Invasive lobular breast cancer (ILC) is the second most frequent form of breast cancer. While cancer cells are regularly investigated, tumor stroma represents a highly unexplored field. ...Aims: The aim of this study is to perform a detailed investigation of clinical, immunohistochemical, and morphometric characteristics of desmoplastic (D) and nondesmoplastic (ND) ILC. Materials and Methods: This study included twenty cases of ILC that were divided into two groups designated as D and ND groups. Medical histories and diagnosis data were obtained from the archives of the Center of Pathology, Clinical center Niš (Serbia). Morphometric analysis of hematoxylin and eosin stained slides was performed using ImageJ software, and the obtained data were further statistical processed. Results: Statistical analyses of the data revealed that no significant differences between D and ND groups when patient age, estrogen receptor (ER), and progesterone receptor (PR) expressions and morphometrical parameters (such as the distance between groups of cancer cells and nucleocytoplasmic ratio) were compared. However, D and ND groups statistically, significantly differed in the occurrence of axillary lymph node metastasis, and when the ER and PR data were included, in certain nuclear parameters (cell/nucleus area, perimeter, Feret′s diameter, and circularity). Conclusions: Desmoplastic stroma was observed more frequently in patients without axillary lymph node metastases, whereas the expression of ER and PR had no influence on its development. According to the measured morphometric parameters larger cells/nuclei belonged to ND group.
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