Cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes play important roles in the biosynthesis of flavonoids that determine flower color. Three P450s, flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase (F3′H), flavonoid 3′,5′-hydroxylase (F3′,5′H) ...and flavone synthase II (FNSII), are involved in torenia flavonoid biosynthesis. In this study, we isolated a full-length cDNA of F3′H from a torenia petal cDNA library. The deduced amino acid sequence of torenia F3′H has 82 and 80% identity to those of Arabidopsis and petunia F3′Hs, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis showed that F3′H and F3′,5′H genes diverted before speciation of higher plants during evolution. Expression of torenia
F3′H cDNA in yeast demonstrated that torenia F3′H catalyzed hydroxylation at the 3′ position of naringenin, dihydrokaempferol, kaempferol and apigenin. Km values for these compounds were 0.83, 3.95, 2.96 and 21.5 μM, respectively. Northern analysis showed that the accumulation of anthocyanins and flavones was transcriptionally regulated and that the transcription of the FNSII gene was differently regulated from F3′H and F3′,5′H genes. The torenia, whose F3′,5′H expression had been suppressed, was further transformed with the F3′H gene driven by a constitutive promoter. Some of the transgenic torenia plants had an elevated amount of cyanidin-type anthocyanins and thus redder flower color. Co-suppression of the FNSII gene in the torenia successfully decreased the amount of flavones and increased the amount of flavanones, and yielded paler flower color.
The Genus Torenia is comprised of 40 species. Horticultural cultivars, however, have the problem of a low genetic diversity, because the cultivars originated from only Torenia fournieri. For the ...purposes of the enhancement of genetic diversity in this study, we investigated interspecific cluster analysis based on the sequence of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA among 8 species of Torenia: T. fournieri (TF), T. glabra (TG). T. asiatica (TA), T. concolor (TC), T. baillonii (TB), T. sp-1 (SP1), T. sp-2 (SP2) and T. 'Summer Wave' (T. fournieri x T. sp-1)(SW), and the cross compatibility among each species by diallel cross. From the results of phylogenetic cluster analysis by nrDNA and ITS region sequences, the 8 species were classified into two clades: one consisted of TA, TC and TF, and the other consisted of TG, TB, SP1, SP2 and SW. From the diallel cross results, a high cross compatibility was recognized in the crossing of TC x TG, TC x SP2, TG x TC, TG x SP2 and SP2 x TG. From the analysis of the form of progenies by these crossings, the progenies by crossing between SP2 and TG, which belonged to the same clade, had a prepotent form of TG, and the progenies by crossing between TC and TG or SP2, which belonged to different clades, had flower form intermediate between parents. Cross compatibility was recognized in the crossing among TG, TB, SP1 and SP2 which belonged to the same clade, because fruit set was recognized at least on their crossings with TB. TF, TA and SW had incompatibilities except for some parts. The progeny by crossing TB and TF had a clearly different flower shape and color compared with TF.
Given an extensive range of diverse and peculiar visual patterns, it is essential that designers offer products of value; community culture products should reflect a high quality of design based on ...the emotional experiences of consumers with these products. Research on the emotional experiences derived from community culture products has increasingly focused on both museum products and products produced in large quantities. The aim of this paper is to explore how emotional experiences and user relationships are related and how a user's emotional experiences may be elicited by community culture products. This research uses the Kano Model and Kano's regression method to determine both the preferences and satisfaction of users and the emotional experiences elicited by community culture products. Questionnaire results were obtained from 62 highly involved people in a community study. A quantitative analysis of the questionnaires focused on users' needs as related to community culture products. The results of this study reveal that users are generally satisfied with local materials and hand-made items that reflect the cultural values of the community, and that positive feelings result from travel experiences. In addition, the results provide designers with a better understanding of how to design suitable products.
Abstract Background Wires and cables have been used extensively for spinal sublaminar wiring, but damages to the spinal cord due to compression by metal wires have been reported. We have used more ...flexible ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene cable (Tekmilon tape) instead of metal wires since 1999 and have obtained good clinical outcomes. Although the initial strength of Tekmilon tape is equivalent to metal wires, the temporal changes in the strength of Tekmilon tape in the body should be investigated to show that sufficient strength is maintained over time until bone union is complete. Methods Tekmilon tape was embedded into the paravertebral muscle of 10-week-old male Japanese white rabbits. Samples were embedded for 0, 1, 3, 6 or 12 months. At the end of each period, sequential straight tensile strength and sequential knot-pull tensile strength were measured. Findings The initial strength of Tekmilon tape in muscle tissue was maintained over time, with 92% straight tensile strength and 104% knot-pull tensile strength at 6 months, and values of 77% and 100% at 12 months, respectively. Since single knot is clinically relevant, it is very important that the knot-pull tensile strength did not decrease over a 12-month period. This suggests that temporal changes in the tensile strength of Tekmilon tape are negligible at 1 year. Interpretation Tekmilon tape maintains sufficient strength in vivo until bone union has occurred. It is useful for sublaminar wiring instead of metal materials due to its flexibility and strength and may reduce the risk of neurological damage.
ZhaiXing Villa is an old house located in Tantzu area of Taichung city which was built from 1871 to 1879. It was built by Lin, Chi-Chung, who was a general during the Ching Dynasty. The ...“Gong-Huan(憨番)” images are used to express the anger of Taiwanese to foreign rulers. In ZhaiXing Villa, similar decorations were discovered, as a result, It is considered to be “Gong-Huan-Da-Niun(憨番擔樑)”. In the study, it is discovered that the images of foreign soldiers might join the war during The Taiping Rebellion. The meanings of the paintings are “auspicious” and “victory” which is different from the traditional meaning of “Gong-Huan”. Besides, the paintings not only present the relationship of Lin, Chi-Chung, but also reveal the international relationship of Taiwan in Taiping Rebellion.
A model of innovating for "She" (社, meaning a Being-Place relationship in a settlement) and "Qun" (群, meaning an interpersonal circle in a tribe) retrieves "community" (社區) from the CCD (community ...comprehensive development) in Taiwan. The case of Tu-Guo activates this model by changing private fields and circles into "quasi-settlements" and "quasi-tribes" as the public domain of community, recreating the "sensus communis" on an "intimate relationship" basis. This paper explores 3 findings: 1) an interactive community model from indigenous traditions; 2) a civic design of problem-solving practices with community governance; and 3) an indicator of the public nature of health identification with CCD.
This paper introduces a true meaning of "design a living", by referring to "Jinshin-no-Hana", translated as "Flowering of the Total Person." By close investigation on "being" and its origin, we will ...be able to perceive "what should be." This is suggested as a prerequisite for designing regional development. Indigenous people are the main actors of development and designers and planners facilitate the process of development. "Isho", a Japanese translation for the word "design", connotes transforming something perceived to a symbol. As long as the people's hearts are beautiful, designing their living will imbue people with feelings of love and ensure that they never produce something inappropriate to humans. The development approach of "flowering of the total person" will assure this. Regional development in developing countries faces various global issues. This approach is very applicable for tackling these issues as well. Design has become a powerful tool with which we shape our region and environments.
This paper analyzes the required regional development elements to achieve more value added in rice straw production, reduce rice straw burning, and provide the rice growers with competitiveness and ...fulfillment in their life. It identifies possible areas of applications and the crucial requirements for a rice-straw-based regional development in Inagaki District, Tsugaru City. The analysis covers the strategic ideas for the economic growth, local resource value enhancement, and institutional capacity building. It also clarifies project design process, i.e. stakeholders' analysis, resource and problem identification, and immediate objectives and outputs. The concluding part identifies key development factors to advance the development effort including a new paradigm on cooperation.
The research based on aboriginal story aims to conduct teaching experiment for cultural product design. "Story mapping" helps design thinking during cultural product design to flexibly use local ...culture, and two concepts comprising design studies and anthropology are merged into the "Design Anthropology" which is preliminarily discussed as a basis for cultural product design. We explore "Design Anthropology" and "story mapping" as a process of design development which is a design activity relevant to exploration and communication. Cases of design teaching are applied to verify model for cultural product design. The study based on this concept establishes a user-centered design model assisted by designer to help development of cultural product as well as discusses human-oriented view in cultural product design to convey human-oriented care and touch heart with story design.
Empathic design is an emerging issue when conceptual design becomes more important. Basically, it is a user-centered design approach that pays attention to users' feelings, and through this approach ...with appropriate skill, designers may go close to understand what users' real needs are and create new design, commodity and circumstance to meet various personal or social requirements. It is very crucial for designers to put himself/herself into another's shoes and that is, they must be capable of sharing and understanding users' emotions and feelings in order to find out their potential needs. The research methods adopted are literature review and case studies selected from literature. From this study, we can conclude that there are basic structures for empathic design, which are the third stages and the seven steps. The three stages are identification of problems, solutions by design and evaluation to design, and the seven steps are "Walking into the field", "Careful observation", "Development of ideas", "Affective & cognitive resonance", "Visualization of ideas", "Commercialization", and "Evaluation of design".
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