Organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites (OHPs) with a rich reservoir of distinct physical attributes have been considered as promising resistive switching materials for next‐generation electronic ...devices, including resistive random‐access memory (RRAM) devices, artificial synapses, and logic operation. In this review, we first briefly introduce the structural and photoelectronic properties of OHPs materials, followed by elaborating the typical lateral/vertical device architectures and commonly‐used device fabrication technologies. Secondly, recent progress of OHPs in three categories of RRAM, artificial synapses, and logic operation, including various materials design, outstanding electrical behaviors, and multifunctional applications, are well discussed. Besides, the operational mechanisms and performance improvement strategies are summarized in a recapitulative way. Finally, current challenges and future development prospects of OHPs‐based devices are demonstrated to provide a better guideline for the next‐generation technical revolution. This review offers an encouraging recognition that OHPs hold immense expectation to keep up with the upcoming big‐data and artificial intelligence era.
Organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites (OHPs) with numerous physical attributes have been considered as a promising contender for next‐generation information storage and processing technologies. Here, we offer a timely review about the recent progress of OHPs in RRAM, artificial synapses, and logic operation. The challenges and development prospects are also discussed.
Memristors have recently emerged as promising contenders for in-memory computing and artificial neural networks, attributed to their analogies to biological synapses and neurons in structural and ...electrical behaviors. From the diversity level, a variety of materials have been demonstrated to have great potential for memristor applications. Herein, we focus on one class of crystalline materials (CMs)-based flexible memristors with state-of-the-art experimental demonstrations. Firstly, the typical device structure and switching mechanisms are introduced. Secondly, the recent advances on CMs-based flexible memristors, including 2D materials, metal-organic frameworks, covalent organic frameworks, and perovskites, as well as their applications for data storage and neuromorphic devices are comprehensively summarized. Finally, the future challenges and perspectives of CMs-based flexible memristors are presented.
With the rapid development of data‐driven human interaction, advanced data‐storage technologies with lower power consumption, larger storage capacity, faster switching speed, and higher integration ...density have become the goals of future memory electronics. Nevertheless, the physical limitations of conventional Si‐based binary storage systems lag far behind the ultrahigh‐density requirements of post‐Moore information storage. In this regard, the pursuit of alternatives and/or supplements to the existing storage technology has come to the forefront. Recently, organic‐based resistive memory materials have emerged as promising candidates for next‐generation information storage applications, which provide new possibilities of realizing high‐performance organic electronics. Herein, the memory device structure, switching types, mechanisms, and recent advances in organic resistive memory materials are reviewed. In particular, their potential of fulfilling multilevel storage is summarized. Besides, the present challenges and future prospects confronted by organic resistive memory materials and devices are discussed.
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) magnetic materials are essential for the development of the next-generation spintronic technologies. Recently, layered van der Waals (vdW) compound MnBi
2
Te
4
(MBT) has ...attracted great interest, and its 2D structure has been reported to host coexisting magnetism and topology. Here, we design several conceptual nanodevices based on MBT monolayer (MBT-ML) and reveal their spin-dependent transport properties by means of the first-principles calculations. The
pn
-junction diodes and sub-3-nm
pin
-junction field-effect transistors (FETs) show a strong rectifying effect and a spin filtering effect, with an ideality factor
n
close to 1 even at a reasonably high temperature. In addition, the
pip
- and
nin
-junction FETs give an interesting negative differential resistive (NDR) effect. The gate voltages can tune currents through these FETs in a large range. Furthermore, the MBT-ML has a strong response to light. Our results uncover the multifunctional nature of MBT-ML, pave the road for its applications in diverse next-generation semiconductor spin electric devices.
A phage PEf771 that specifically infects and lyses pathogenic
Enterococcus faecalis
YN771 in patients with refractory periapical periodontitis was used to investigate resistance against
E. faecalis
...infection in vitro and in vivo. PEf771 completely lysed YN771 within 3 h, with a multiplicity of infection of 1. Compared with ten routinely used clinical antibiotics, PEf771 demonstrated the highest bacteriostatic effect within 72 h. The antibacterial effect of PEf771 on extracted teeth within 72 h was better than that of conventional root canal disinfectants such as camphorated phenol, formaldehyde cresol solution, and Ca(OH)
2
(
P
< 0.05) within 72 h. Using
E. faecalis
, intraperitoneal and periapical infection models were established using Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. The results showed that all SD rats inoculated with 9.6 × 10
11
CFU/mL
E. faecalis
YN771 or 2.9 × 10
11
CFU/mL
E. faecalis
RYN771 died within 8 h. Additionally, all SD rats inoculated with YN771 and treated with antibiotics died within 72 h. Although SD rats inoculated with RYN771 and treated with antibiotics survived for 72 h, the pathological anatomy of these rats showed purulent discharge, numerous pus and blood-filled ascites, and extensive liver abscesses. Notably, YN771 rats treated with PEf771 and RYN771 rats treated with RPEf771 survived for 72 h, and their pathological anatomy showed that the liver, kidneys, intestine, and mesenteries were normal. Computed tomography analysis of SD rats infected with periapical periodontitis showed pathological changes in experimental teeth inoculated with YN771, despite undergoing a normal root canal treatment. Contrastingly, none of the experimental teeth exhibited root periapical inflammation following PEf771 treatment. Hematoxylin and eosin staining revealed a gap between the periodontal ligament and the cementum of experimental teeth, whereas PEf771-treated teeth exhibited normal results. These findings suggested that phage therapy using PEf771 might effectively prevent
E. faecalis
infection after root canal treatment.
Key points
•
Compared with common clinical antibiotics, PEf771 showed the highest antibacterial.
•
The liver, kidney, intestine, and mesentery of SD rats treated with PEf771 were normal.
•
Phage therapy can effectively prevent E. faecalis YN771 and RYN771 infection.
Anthocyanin plays a protective role in cardiovascular disease through antioxidant effect. Whether anthocyanin can reduce salt-induced hypertension and the related mechanisms remain unclear.
Chronic ...infusion of vehicle (artificial cerebrospinal fluid, aCSF, 0.4 μL/h) or anthocyanin (10 mg/kg, 0.4 μL/h) into bilateral paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of Sprague-Dawley rats was performed. Then, the rats were fed a high salt diet (8% NaCl, HS) or normal salt diet (0.9%, NaCl, NS) for 4 weeks.
High salt diet induced an increase in blood pressure and peripheral sympathetic nerve activity (increased LF/HF and decreased SDNN and RMSSD), which was accompanied by increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and angiotensin II type-1 receptor (AT
1
R) expression and function in the PVN. Moreover, the NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) and related inflammatory proteins (caspase-1) expression, the pro-inflammatory cytokine levels including IL-1β and TNF-α were higher in PVN of rats with a high salt diet. Bilateral PVN infusion of anthocyanin attenuated NLRP3-dependent inflammation (NLRP3, caspase-1, IL-1β and TNF-α) and ROS production, reduced AT
1
R expression and function in PVN and lowered peripheral sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure in rats with salt-induced hypertension.
Excessive salt intake activates NLRP3-dependent inflammation and oxidative stress and increased AT
1
R expression and function in the PVN. Bilateral PVN infusion of anthocyanin lowers peripheral sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure in rats with salt-induced hypertension by improvement of expression and function of AT
1
R in the PVN through inhibiting NLRP3 related inflammatory and oxidative stress.
Background:
Whether all types of inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) would increase the pneumonia risk in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) remains controversial. We aimed to ...assess the association between ICSs treatment and pneumonia risk in COPD patients, and the impact of medication details and baseline characteristics of patients on the association.
Methods:
Four databases (PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Clinical
Trials.gov
) were searched to identify eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing ICSs treatment with non-ICSs treatment on the pneumonia risk in COPD patients. Pooled results were calculated using Peto odds ratios (Peto ORs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
Results:
A total of 59 RCTs enrolling 103,477 patients were analyzed. All types of ICSs significantly increased the pneumonia risk (Peto OR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.34–1.53). Subgroup analysis showed that there was a dose-response relationship between ICSs treatment and pneumonia risk (low-dose: Peto OR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.22–1.45; medium-dose: Peto OR, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.28–1.76; and high-dose: Peto OR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.45–1.85). Subgroup analyses based on treatment durations and baseline characteristics (severity, age, and body mass index) of patients were consistant with the above results. Subgroup analysis based on severity of pneumonia showed that fluticasone (Peto OR, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.44–2.14) increased the risk of serious pneumonia, while budesonide and beclomethasone did not.
Conclusions:
ICSs treatment significantly increased the risk of pneumonia in COPD patients. There was a dose-response relationship between ICSs treatment and pneumonia risk. The pneumonia risk was related with COPD severity.
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