Cervical cancer is the third most common cancer in women worldwide, with concepts and knowledge about its prevention and treatment evolving rapidly. Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been identified as ...a major factor that leads to cervical cancer, although HPV infection alone cannot cause the disease. In fact, HPV‐driven cancer is a small probability event because most infections are transient and could be cleared spontaneously by host immune system. With persistent HPV infection, decades are required for progression to cervical cancer. Therefore, this long time window provides golden opportunity for clinical intervention, and the fundament here is to elucidate the carcinogenic pattern and applicable targets during HPV‐host interaction. In this review, we discuss the key factors that contribute to the persistence of HPV and cervical carcinogenesis, emerging new concepts and technologies for cancer interventions, and more urgently, how these concepts and technologies might lead to clinical precision medicine which could provide prediction, prevention, and early treatment for patients.
We discussed the key factors that contribute to HPV persistency and cervical carcinogenesis, the perspective and novel potential technologies for early diagnose and effective prevention of the disease, and more importantly, how this knowledge of basic science may translate into clinic to provide better personalized health care for patients with cervical cancer. This review contributed to the deeper understanding of effective prevention, screening, and treatment of HPV‐related cervical cancer.
Reactions of difluoroiodotoluene with NH‐sulfoximines provide new hypervalent iodine(III) reagents, which photocatalytically transfer a fluoro and a sulfoximidoyl group onto styrenes with high ...regioselectivity. The substrate scope is broad with respect to both sulfoximines and olefins. Following an operationally simple protocol, a large library of fluorine‐containing N‐functionalized sulfoximines can be accessed. Results from mechanistic investigations revealed the importance of radical intermediates.
Double transfer: New hypervalent iodine(III) reagents are formed by reactions of difluoroiodotoluene with NH‐sulfoximines. When applied in situ, they photocatalytically react with styrenes by transferring a fluoro and a sulfoximidoyl group onto the olefin with high regioselectivity. The operationally simple process provides a variety of fluorine‐containing N‐functionalized sulfoximines, which are difficult to prepare otherwise. Mechanistic investigations reveal the importance of radical intermediates.
Mn and Na additives have been widely studied to improve the efficiency of CO2 hydrogenation to valuable olefins on Fe catalysts, but their effects on the catalytic properties and mechanism are still ...under vigorous debate. This study shows that Fe‐based catalysts with moderate Mn and Na contents are highly selective for CO2 hydrogenation to olefins, together with low selectivities for both CO and CH4 and much improved space‐time olefin yields compared to state‐of‐the‐art catalysts. Combined kinetic assessment and quasi in situ characterizations further unveil that the sole presence of Mn suppresses the activity of Fe catalysts because of the close contact between Fe and Mn, whereas the introduction of Na mediates the Fe–Mn interaction and provides strong basic sites. This subtle synergy between Na and Mn sheds light on the importance of the interplay of multiple additives that could bring an enabling strategy to improve catalytic activity and selectivity.
A trace amount of Na additive not only promotes the CO2 hydrogenation rate and the olefin selectivity on Fe‐based catalysts, but also turns a Mn additive into a promoter by weakening the strong interaction between Fe and Mn species, leading to unprecedentedly high space‐time yields of olefins for CO2 hydrogenation.
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and CO2, two chemical wastes that urgently need to be transformed in the environment, are converted simultaneously in a one‐pot catalytic process through the ...synergistic coupling of three reactions: CO2 hydrogenation, PET methanolysis and dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) hydrogenation. More interestingly, the chemical equilibria of both reactions were shifted forward due to a revealed dual‐promotion effect, leading to significantly enhanced PET depolymerization. The overall methanol yield from CO2 hydrogenation exceeded the original thermodynamic equilibrium limit since the methanol was in situ consumed in the PET methanolysis. The degradation of PET by a stoichiometric ratio of methanol was significantly enhanced because the primary product, DMT was hydrogenated to dimethyl cyclohexanedicarboxylate (DMCD) or p‐xylene (PX). This synergistic catalytic process provides an effective way to simultaneously recycle two wastes, polyesters and CO2, for producing high‐value chemicals.
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and CO2, two chemical wastes that urgently need to be transformed in our environment, are converted simultaneously in a one‐pot catalytic process. The process for dual‐promoted conversion overcomes the original thermodynamic equilibrium limits of methanol synthesis and PET methanolysis, leading to a significantly enhanced yield of PET.
Preparation of single atom catalysts (SACs) is of broad interest to materials scientists and chemists but remains a formidable challenge. Herein, we develop an efficient approach to synthesize SACs ...via a precursor-dilution strategy, in which metalloporphyrin (MTPP) with target metals are co-polymerized with diluents (tetraphenylporphyrin, TPP), followed by pyrolysis to N-doped porous carbon supported SACs (M
/N-C). Twenty-four different SACs, including noble metals and non-noble metals, are successfully prepared. In addition, the synthesis of a series of catalysts with different surface atom densities, bi-metallic sites, and metal aggregation states are achieved. This approach shows remarkable adjustability and generality, providing sufficient freedom to design catalysts at atomic-scale and explore the unique catalytic properties of SACs. As an example, we show that the prepared Pt
/N-C exhibits superior chemoselectivity and regioselectivity in hydrogenation. It only converts terminal alkynes to alkenes while keeping other reducible functional groups such as alkenyl, nitro group, and even internal alkyne intact.
Metabolic reprogramming is a hallmark of cancer. However, systematic characterizations of metabolites in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) are still lacking. Our study profiled the polar ...metabolome and lipidome in 330 TNBC samples and 149 paired normal breast tissues to construct a large metabolomic atlas of TNBC. Combining with previously established transcriptomic and genomic data of the same cohort, we conducted a comprehensive analysis linking TNBC metabolome to genomics. Our study classified TNBCs into three distinct metabolomic subgroups: C1, characterized by the enrichment of ceramides and fatty acids; C2, featured with the upregulation of metabolites related to oxidation reaction and glycosyl transfer; and C3, having the lowest level of metabolic dysregulation. Based on this newly developed metabolomic dataset, we refined previous TNBC transcriptomic subtypes and identified some crucial subtype-specific metabolites as potential therapeutic targets. The transcriptomic luminal androgen receptor (LAR) subtype overlapped with metabolomic C1 subtype. Experiments on patient-derived organoid and xenograft models indicate that targeting sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), an intermediate of the ceramide pathway, is a promising therapy for LAR tumors. Moreover, the transcriptomic basal-like immune-suppressed (BLIS) subtype contained two prognostic metabolomic subgroups (C2 and C3), which could be distinguished through machine-learning methods. We show that N-acetyl-aspartyl-glutamate is a crucial tumor-promoting metabolite and potential therapeutic target for high-risk BLIS tumors. Together, our study reveals the clinical significance of TNBC metabolomics, which can not only optimize the transcriptomic subtyping system, but also suggest novel therapeutic targets. This metabolomic dataset can serve as a useful public resource to promote precision treatment of TNBC.
A titanium carbide (Ti3C2Tx) MXene is employed as an efficient solid support to host a nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) coordinated ruthenium single atom (RuSA) catalyst, which displays superior activity ...toward the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). X‐ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy and aberration corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy reveal the atomic dispersion of Ru on the Ti3C2Tx MXene support and the successful coordination of RuSA with the N and S species on the Ti3C2Tx MXene. The resultant RuSA‐N‐S‐Ti3C2Tx catalyst exhibits a low overpotential of 76 mV to achieve the current density of 10 mA cm−2. Furthermore, it is shown that integrating the RuSA‐N‐S‐Ti3C2Tx catalyst on n+np+‐Si photocathode enables photoelectrochemical hydrogen production with exceptionally high photocurrent density of 37.6 mA cm−2 that is higher than the reported precious Pt and other noble metals catalysts coupled to Si photocathodes. Density functional theory calculations suggest that RuSA coordinated with N and S sites on the Ti3C2Tx MXene support is the origin of this enhanced HER activity. This work would extend the possibility of using the MXene family as a solid support for the rational design of various single atom catalysts.
Ti3C2Tx MXene is demonstrated as a 2D solid support to host a ruthenium single atom (RuSA) catalyst for water splitting. The resultant RuSA‐N‐S‐Ti3C2Tx catalyst coupled with n+np+‐Si photocathode enables photoelectrochemical H2 production with exceptionally high photocurrent density of 37.6 mA cm−2 under AM 1.5G illumination.
Abstract
The design of cheap, non-toxic, and earth-abundant transition metal catalysts for selective hydrogenation of alkynes remains a challenge in both industry and academia. Here, we report a new ...atomically dispersed copper (Cu) catalyst supported on a defective nanodiamond-graphene (ND@G), which exhibits excellent catalytic performance for the selective conversion of acetylene to ethylene, i.e., with high conversion (95%), high selectivity (98%), and good stability (for more than 60 h). The unique structural feature of the Cu atoms anchored over graphene through Cu-C bonds ensures the effective activation of acetylene and easy desorption of ethylene, which is the key for the outstanding activity and selectivity of the catalyst.
Catalytic transformation of COx (x = 1, 2) with renewable H2 into valuable fuels and chemicals provides practical processes to mitigate the worldwide energy crisis. Fe‐based catalytic materials are ...widely used for those reactions due to their abundance and low cost. Novel iron carbides are particularly promising catalytic materials among the reported ferrous catalysts. Recently, a series of strategies has been developed for the preparation of iron carbide nanoparticles and their nanocomposites. Control synthesis of FeCx‐based nanomaterials and their catalytic applications in COx hydrogenation and electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) are reviewed. The discussion is focused on the unique catalytic activities of iron carbides in COx hydrogenation and HER and the correlation between structure and catalytic performance. Future synthesis and potential catalytic applications of iron carbides are also summarized.
Iron carbide is a type of novel Fe‐based material and widely used in the field of catalysis. Control synthesis of iron carbides and their applications in catalytic COx hydrogenation and electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction are reviewed.
•This paper analyses future steel demand and steel scrap consumption through bottom-up analysis.•Steel scrap consumption is analyzed individually by different sources.•Steel consumption and energy ...consumption will peak at around 2020 and 2015 respectively.•Energy intensity and CO2 intensity of steel production will decrease obviously in the future.•Energy efficiency improvement and structural change will play different roles in near- and long-term CO2 mitigations.
China’s steel industry has grown significantly since the mid-1990s, and has been the backbone of Chinese heavy industry. It is also the most energy intensive industrial sector in China, accounting for 16.1% of total energy consumption in 2010. To assess energy consumption and CO2 emissions from China’s steel industry, a system dynamics model and a bottom-up energy system model-TIMES (The Integrated MARKAL-EFOM System) were used to analyze steel demand, energy consumption and CO2 emissions from China’s iron and steel industry from 2010 to 2050. The model results suggest that steel production in China will rise from 627 Mt in 2010, to a peak of 772 Mt in 2020, and then gradually decrease to 527 Mt in 2050. The share of Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) steel production will also increase significantly from 9.8% in 2010, to 45.6% in 2050. With the deployment of energy conservation technologies, such as Coke Dry Quenching, exhaust gas and heat recovery equipment, energy intensity and CO2 intensity of steel production will keep decreasing during the modeling period. In the near future, reductions in energy intensity and CO2 intensity will rely more on energy efficiency improvements; however, from a long-term perspective, structural change-the increasing share of EAF steel production, will be of great significance.
PDF
