Three case studies of ammonia autointoxication of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) are described. In the first case, carp yearlings with a full digestive tract were transferred during the growing ...period from pond water (22°C) to tap water (17°C). In the second case, marketable carp were transferred from the fishing ground of a pond (18°C) to a storage pond (10-12°C). Harvest was performed in late September when the fish were still ingesting natural feed. In the third case, marketable carp after storage for 1 month were transferred to storage ponds with markedly lower water temperature. Stress because of harvest and handling also occurred in this case. In all cases, highly increased concentrations of ammonia were found in the blood plasma of the fish (mean ± SD 1760 ± 350 μmol L-¹ in the first case, 870 ± 540 μmol L-¹ in the second case, and 880 ± 150 μmol L-¹ in the third case). Highly congested, dark-red coloured, oedematous gills were observed for all specimens. We can avoid similar cases of ammonia autointoxication by protection of fish from sudden changes of temperature during rearing, harvesting, and handling.
We investigated the effect of long-term exposure to CBZ on the antioxidant system in brain tissue of rainbow trout. Fish were exposed to sublethal concentrations of CBZ (1.0
μg/L, 0.2
mg/L or 2.0
...mg/L) for 7, 21, and 42
days. Oxidative stress indices (LPO and CP) and activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPx and GR) in fish brain were measured. In addition, non-enzymatic antioxidant (GSH) was determined after 42
days exposure. Carbamazepine exposure at 0.2
mg/L led to significant increases (
p
<
0.05) of LPO and CP after 42
days and, at 2.0
mg/L, after 21
days. Activities of the antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT, and GPx in CBZ-treated groups slightly increased during the first period (7
days). However, activities of all measured antioxidant enzymes were significantly inhibited (
p
<
0.05) at 0.2
mg/L exposure after 42
days and after 21
days at 2.0
mg/L. After 42
days, the content of GSH in fish brain was significantly lower (
p
<
0.05) in groups exposed to CBZ at 0.2
mg/L and 2.0
mg/L than in other groups. Prolonged exposure to CBZ resulted in excess reactive oxygen species formation, finally resulting in oxidative damage to lipids and proteins and inhibited antioxidant capacities in fish brain. In short, a low level of oxidative stress could induce the adaptive responses of antioxidant enzymes, but long-term exposure to CBZ could lead to serious oxidative damage in fish brain.
The aim of the study was to investigate effects of the triazine herbicide prometryne on early life stages of common carp Cyprinus carpio as indicated by oxidative stress and antioxidant indices.
...Toxicity tests were performed according to OECD 210 methodologies. Common carp larvae and embryos exposed for 35 days to prometryne at three concentrations, 0.51 (reported concentration in Czech rivers), 80 (1% 96 h LC50), and 1200 (15% 96 h LC50) μg/l, were compared to carp in a non-treated control group. Activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione reductase (GR), as well as levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were assessed.
Chronic exposure of early life stages of carp to prometryne showed no effect on growth and mortality rates. Levels of oxidative damage in fish test groups showed no significant differences from the controls. Glutathione reductase activity at exposure 0.51 μg/l was significantly increase (p<0.01) compared with controls and other exposures.
The chronic exposure to prometryne showed no influence on oxidative stress. Differences from control fish was observed in GR activity in exposure prometryne 0.51 μg/l.
The study deals with the issue of career development of Czech emerging adults and in this context, it draws attention to research marginalisation of secondary vocational schools students. It focuses ...on the analysis of factors resulting from the type of study which can contribute to the facilitation of the career decision-making process. The research goal was to determine the role of the type of the study and work experience in the career decision-making process of Czech emerging adults. 194 university students and 116 secondary vocational school students between the ages of 18 and 21 responded to the questionnaires of vocational identity and questionnaires investigating awareness of self-efficacy in career decision-making. Linear regression showed that students’ work experience influences the strength of their vocational identity and that career relevance of this work experience is related to the level of selfefficacy in career decision-making. The type of study didn’t prove to be an important factor. The study results highlight the role of work experience in the process of career decision-making. Due to the inclusion of a specific research group—secondary vocational school students—it also enriches the knowledge of the career identity development in the period of emerging adulthood in the Czech Republic. In the conclusion practical implications, limits of this study and suggestions for the further research are discussed.
Propiconazole (PCZ), a triazole fungicide, is widely present in the aquatic environment, but little is known regarding its chronic toxicity in the fish brain. This study assessed the effects of ...long-term exposure to PCZ on the antioxidant defense system and Na+–K+-ATPase activity of rainbow trout brain. Fish were exposed to sublethal concentrations of PCZ (0.2, 50, and 500μg/l) for 7, 20, and 30 days, respectively. Oxidative stress indices (reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, and carbonyl protein) and antioxidant parameters (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and reduced glutathione) were measured, as well as Na+–K+-ATPase activity. Adaptive responses to PCZ-induced stress were observed at 7 days. With prolonged exposure, significantly higher levels of oxidative indices were indicative of oxidative stress, as also were the significant inhibition of antioxidant enzyme activity and reduced glutathione content. Na+–K+-ATPase activity was significantly inhibited after prolonged exposure. Chemometrics of all parameters by principal component analysis, enabled the separation of sampled individuals into four groups with 93.39% of total accumulated variance. A low level of oxidative stress can induce the adaptive responses of the antioxidant defense system, while prolonged exposure to PCZ may lead to serious oxidative damage in fish brain. We suggest that selected biochemical markers in fish brain could be used as potential biomarkers for monitoring residual fungicides present in the aquatic environments.
Early ontogeny, growth and mortality of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) at low concentrations of dimethyl sulfoxide Machova, J.,Jihoceska Univ., Vodnany (Czech Republic). Vyzkumny Ustav Rybarsky a Hydrobiologicky; Prokes, M.,Akademie Ved, Brno (Czech Republic). Ustav Biologie Obratlovcu; Kroupova, H.,Jihoceska Univ., Vodnany (Czech Republic). Vyzkumny Ustav Rybarsky a Hydrobiologicky ...
Acta veterinaria Brno,
09/2009, Letnik:
78, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) on early development, growth and mortality of early life stages in common carp. Tests were performed from ...fertilized egg to the end of the larval period with continuous exposure to DMSO at concentrations of 0.2, 0.5, 1.0 and 5.0 mL/L. Mortality of embryos and larvae, intensity of development and growth, weight and occurrence of abnormalities were analyzed. DMSO exposure at all the tested concentrations did not result in any lethal effects or abnormalities over the entire test period (29 days). Growth indicators were similar in DMSO treated (at concentrations of 0.2, 0.5 and 1.0 mL/L) and control groups. However, mean body weight (35+/-9 mg) of larvae exposed to the highest DMSO concentration (5 mL/L) tested was significantly lower compared to the control (45+/-14 mg).
Verapamil is a pharmaceutical that belongs to a group of calcium channel blockers and is mainly used as a treatment of angina pectoris and arterial hypertension. Verapamil has been detected in ...aquatic environments in concentrations ranging from ng L−1 to μg L−1. In the present study, a series of acute toxicity tests of verapamil on various developmental stages of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were conducted. As a result, 96hLC50 values of verapamil were estimated at 16.4±9.2, 7.3±1.5 and 4.8±0.2mgL−1 for embryos (E5–E9) and common carp larvae L2 and L5, respectively. Lethal concentrations of verapamil decreased with an increase in the age of the fish. Acute exposure to verapamil significantly reduced the heart rate in the embryos and larvae. In an embryo-larval toxicity test (sub-chronic exposure), the bioconcentration, depuration, and toxic effects of verapamil were assessed in common carp. The fish were exposed to verapamil in a concentration of 0.463 (environmentally relevant), 4.63, 46.3 and 463μgL−1. Verapamil had no effect on the accumulated mortality, hatching, condition factor, growth or ontogeny of the fish in any of the tested concentrations. In carp exposed to 463 and 46.3μgL−1 of verapamil, significantly higher occurrences of malformations and edemas were observed compared to the control. The bioconcentration factor of verapamil in whole fish homogenates ranged between 6.6 and 16.6 and was therefore below the critical value for hazard substances (BCF>500). The half-life and the 95% depuration time for the tested compound were estimated to be 10.2±1.6days and 44.2±8.6days, respectively. No effects of verapamil on the studied endpoints were observed at environmentally relevant concentrations.
•Study of the acute and sub-chronic toxicity of verapamil on early-life stages of common carp.•Acute exposure to verapamil reduced the heart rate in early-life stages of common carp.•The bioconcentration factor of verapamil ranged from 6.6 to 16.6.•The half-life of verapamil in fish was estimated to be 10.2±1.6days.
The aim of this study is to evaluate effects of the insecticide Decis Mega (DM; active substance deltamethrin 50 g.L(-1)) on common carp on the basis of haematological profile, oxidative stress, ...antioxidant enzymes and histopathology.
Fish were exposed two concentrations of DM 6.56 μg.L(-1) (1DM) and 65.6 μg.L(-1) (2DM) for 96 h. Then the remaining fish were transferred into DM-free water for depuration for another period of 96 h.
Exposure to 1DM and 2DM proved effect on enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase and on oxidative damage of cells in gills, liver and kidney (p<0.05, p<0.01). Exposure to 1DM showed differences (p<0.05, p<0.01) in hematocrit and hemoglobin in blood. Histopathological changes were observed after acute exposure to DM as well as to DM-free water in gills, liver and kidney.
This study concludes that deltamethrin has influence on the haematological parameters, activity of antioxidant enzymes and caused oxidative damage, and histopathological changes in the fish. However, antioxidant balance in the body was restored after placing the fish in clean water for 4 days, however, this time was not sufficient complete regeneration.
In recent years, chemical pollution by the residual pharmaceuticals has been increasingly important issue due to its widely present in the aquatic environment. However, the toxicological effects of ...residual pharmaceuticals on fish have not been adequately researched. The aim of this work is to investigate the toxic effect of CBZ, an anticonvulsant drug commonly present in aquatic environment, on antioxidant status and Na
+–K
+-ATPase in gill of rainbow trout exposed to sublethal CBZ (1.0
μg
L
−1, 0.2
mg
L
−1 and 2.0
mg
L
−1) for 7, 21 and 42
d. After prolonged exposure of CBZ at higher test concentration (0.2 or 2.0
mg
L
−1), oxidative stress was apparent as reflected by the significant higher LPO and CP levels in fish gill, as well as the significant inhibition of antioxidant enzymes activities including SOD, CAT, GR and GPx. Besides, reduced glutathione level and Na
+–K
+-ATPase activity were significantly lower than those of the control after 42
d of exposure to CBZ at higher test concentration (0.2 or 2.0
mg
L
−1). The results of this study indicate that chronic exposure of CBZ has altered multiple physiological indices in fish gill; however, before those parameters are used as special biomarkers for monitoring residual pharmaceuticals in aquatic environment, more detailed experiments in laboratory need to be performed in the future.
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