High nitrite concentrations may occur mainly in recirculating aquaculture systems, but can also be found under certain conditions in natural waters. Among studied freshwater organisms, molluscs and ...worms followed by fish are the most resistant to nitrite. On the other hand, crustaceans and aquatic insects followed by amphibians are the most sensitive. Wide interspecific differences in nitrite susceptibility can be found within freshwater insects, crustaceans and amphibians. Chloride concentration in water is supposed to be the most important factor influencing nitrite toxicity. Generally, a positive chloride effect on nitrite toxicity reduction can be expected in all aquatic animals (or their early stages) employing gills for breathing and ion exchange. This phenomenon has already been observed in an amphipod (Eulimnogammarus toletanus, Pinkster & Stock), a planarian (Polycelis felina, Dalyell), two species of crayfish, several fish species and in amphibians in early development stages. A relatively huge amount of data on nitrite effects is available for fish, but other freshwater organisms were less frequently studied. Information on chronic effect of nitrite is nearly completely missing.
Synthetic musk compounds are extensively used in personal care and cosmetic products around the world. Because they are not completely removed in sewage treatment plants, they eventually end up in ...aquatic environments. The aim of this review was to summarize published information on effects of polycyclic musks on aquatic organisms and to discuss whether the experimental design of toxicological studies involving these substances could influence the results obtained. With the exception of one study run in a flow-through system, all published toxicological studies on synthetic polycyclic musks have been conducted in semi-static or even static systems. Based upon data in the literature and our own results, we conclude that in toxicological tests with semi-static set-ups, concentrations of polycyclic musks decrease with time between bath exchanges, and, as a result, tested organisms are not being exposed to stable concentrations but rather to concentration pulses. The duration and character of these pulses are influenced mainly by aeration of experimental baths, as polycyclic musks have a tendency to volatilize from water baths. Under semi-static conditions, tested organisms may be subjected to lower concentration of the tested substance for relatively long periods. Those levels may even fall below the limits of quantification. During these periods, some level of detoxification and/or elimination (depuration) of the toxicant may reduce toxic effect of the previous exposures. Consequently, toxicity of polycyclic musk substances for aquatic organisms obtained under these conditions may be underestimated. Based upon existing data in the literature, therefore, it is very difficult to correctly estimate risk of polycyclic musks to aquatic organisms.
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•Polycyclic musks are aromatic substances extensively used in personal care products.•Ubiquitous occurrence, pseudo-persistence, tendency for bioconcentration•They tend to volatilize from experimental baths under laboratory conditions.•The tested organisms are mostly exposed to concentration pulses.•Toxicity of polycyclic musks for aquatic organisms may be underestimated.
Highlights ► Has simazine influence to common carp at environmentally realistic concentration. ► Simazine increases reactive oxygen species formation in carp. ► Simazine causes oxidative damage to ...lipids and proteins in carp. ► Simazine inhibits of antioxidant capacities in carp.
Genetic focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is caused by pathogenic variants in a broad spectrum of genes that have a variable representation based on subjects' ethnicity and/or age. The most ...frequently mutated autosomal recessive gene in FSGS is
. In this study, we analyzed the spectrum of
variants and their associated phenotype in Czech adult FSGS patients.
A representative cohort of 234 adult patients with FSGS, derived from 225 families originating from all regions of Czechia, was analyzed by massively parallel sequencing. In this study, we focused on the comprehensive analysis of the
gene. The histological classification of FSGS followed the Columbia classification.
We detected seven (3%) cases bearing homozygous or compound heterozygous pathogenic
variants. A single pathogenic variant c.868G > A (p.Val290Met) was found in the majority of
-positive cases (86%; 6 out of 7) in histologically confirmed instances of FSGS. Its allele frequency among unrelated
-associated FSGS patients was 50% (6/12), and Haplotype analysis predicted its origin to be a result of a founder effect. There is an identical V290M-related haplotype on all V290M alleles spanning a 0,7 Mb region flanking
in Central European FSGS populations. The phenotype of the p.Val290Met
-associated FSGS demonstrated a later onset and a much milder course of the disease compared to other
pathogenic variants associated with FSGS. The mean age of the FSGS diagnosis based on kidney biopsy evaluation was 31.2 ± 7.46 years. In 50% of all cases, the initial disease manifestation of proteinuria occurred only in adulthood, with 83% of these cases not presenting with edemas. One-third (33%) of the studied subjects progressed to ESRD (2 out of 6) at the mean age of 35.0 ± 2.82 years.
We identified the most prevalent pathogenic variant, p.Val290Met, in the
gene among Czech adult FSGS patients, which has arisen due to a founder effect in Central Europe. The documented milder course of the disease associated with this variant leads to the underdiagnosis in childhood. We established the histopathological features of the
-associated adult FSGS cases based on the Columbia classification. This might improve patient stratification and optimize their treatment.
Synthetic progestins are emerging contaminants of the aquatic environment with endocrine disrupting potential. The main aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of the synthetic ...progestins gestodene, and drospirenone on sex differentiation in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) by histological analysis. To gain insights into the mechanisms behind the observations from the in vivo experiment on sex differentiation, we analyzed expression of genes involved in hypothalamus–pituitary–gonad (HPG) and hypothalamus–pituitary–thyroid (HPT) axes, histology of hepatopancreas, and in vitro bioassays. Carp were continuously exposed to concentrations of 2 ng/L of single progestins (gestodene or drospirenone) or to their mixture at concentration 2 ng/L of each. The exposure started 24 h after fertilization of eggs and concluded 160 days post-hatching. Our results showed that exposure of common carp to a binary mixture of drospirenone and gestodene caused increased incidence of intersex (32%) when compared to clean water and solvent control groups (both 3%). Intersex most probably was induced by a combination of multiple modes of action of the studied substances, namely anti-gonadotropic activity, interference with androgen receptor, and potentially also with HPT axis or estrogen receptor.
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•Effects of two synthetic progestins on sex differentiation in carp were studied.•Long-term exposure to mixture of progestins increased incidence of intersex in carp.•Drospirenone, gestodene and their mixture have anti-gonadotropic activity in carp.•Multiple mechanisms likely led to increased incidence of intersex.
Peracetic acid (PAA) is useful in treating a wide variety of serious fish diseases in aquaculture. As no information on PAA toxicity to crayfish is available, we conducted acute toxicity tests of ...Persteril 36, a commercial PAA-containing product, on three age/size classes of signal crayfish, Pacifastacus leniusculus. Results confirmed high tolerance of the target species to this product, expressed as a 96h LC50 of 77.3±1.0mgL−1 PAA in adults and low post-treatment mortality in 9month old juveniles. As PAA concentrations successfully applied in aquaculture are generally 2.0mgL−1 or lower, PAA can be recommended for use in astaciculture. After necessary evaluations, uses might include limiting spread of crayfish plague, treating saprolegniosis on artificially incubated crayfish eggs, and avoiding translocations of further crayfish-related non-native species when introducing crayfish or stocking them in closed culture systems.
► Acute toxicity of Persteril 36 to the signal crayfish was evaluated. ► High tolerance of target crayfish to this PAA-containing product was found. ► Results support widespread use of peracetic acid in crayfish culture. ► Treated diseases might include e.g. crayfish plague and saprolegniosis on eggs.
We compared a novel PSII-biosensor assay with a standard algal growth inhibition test for detection of photosynthetic herbicides—diuron, atrazine and isoproturon in liquid samples. To evaluate the ...convenience and sensitivity, values of the parameters EC50 and LOD and the duration of assays were compared. The biosensor assay was made with an electrochemical biosensor toxicity analyser with immobilised Photosystem II (PSII) complex. Using the PSII-biosensor assay, higher sensitivity (LOD) to herbicides (10
−8–10
−9
M) was achieved as compared to standard algal growth inhibition tests (about 10
−7
M). The results of both assays showed a good correlation as concerns their EC50 values while the interval of detectable concentrations is about twice wider for PSII-biosensor. A proposed measurement protocol includes the reference standard of phytotoxicity (RSP). The main advantage of the PSII-biosensor assay is that it can be completed in about 1
h and is by 1–2 orders more sensitive than standard algal growth inhibition test, which takes 72
h.
Abstract
Background and Aims
Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) pathogenesis in kidney transplantation is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate donor and recipients risk factors for ...posttransplant TMA.
Method
In this retrospective multicenter national study, we identified both the case and 3M protocol kidney graft biopsies in 5258 recipients with TMA (n=57, 1.1 %) in 1994-2019. To further evaluate the effect of donor kidney on TMA development, the outcomes of the pair kidney grafts from the identical donors (n=43, 6 living donor, 1 pair kidney discarded, 6 insufficient data) as control group was analyzed.
Results
TMA occurred in 57 patients at 8th (median) post-operative day. Interestingly, neither histological nor laboratory signs of TMA were present in controls but in one case where TMA was evident in both recipients and in donor zero-hour biopsy. TMA associated with acute antibody mediated rejection was found in 11 cases (19%). Basic demographics between TMA and control group were similar, however longer cold ischemia time (p < 0,05, Figure 1) and more frequent delayed graft function (p < 0,05) were observed in TMA group. Patients with TMA experienced lower death-censored 5-year graft survival (56 vs. 84 %) in comparison with control group (p < 0,05, HR 2,904 (95% CI 1,411; 6,127), Figure 2).
Conclusion
TMA significantly affects the long-term kidney graft survival. Longer cold ischemia time was identified as the only risk factor and thus recipients genetic background is highly suspected in its pathogenesis.
Figure 1
(Cold ischemia time)
Figure 2
(Death-censored graft survival)
In this study, the chronic toxic effects of PCZ, a triazole fungicide commonly present in surface and ground water, on morphological indices, ROS generation and RNA/DNA ratio in liver and white ...muscle of rainbow trout were investigated. Fish were exposed at sublethal concentrations of PCZ (0.2, 50 and 500μgL−1) for 7, 20 and 30d. Compared with the control, there were significant lower CF and HSI in fish exposed at the highest concentration of PCZ. ROS levels in both tissues increased significantly at higher PCZ concentrations (50 and 500μgL−1) after 20d and above, as well as in muscle of fish exposed at lowest PCZ concentration (0.2μgL−1) after 30d. The hepatic antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT) activities were induced significantly at higher concentrations (50, 500μgL−1) of PCZ after 20d and at 50μgL−1 after 30d. Additional, hepatic SOD activity was significantly induced at 0.2μgL−1 after 30d. Compared with the hepatic antioxidant enzymes activities in fish exposed to 50μgL−1 of PCZ, there was a decreasing trend in those exposed to 500μgL−1 after 30d exposure. However, both the antioxidant enzymes activities were significantly inhibited in muscle of fish exposed to 500μgL−1 PCZ after 30d. Moreover there was significant lower RNA/DNA ratio in both tissues after long-term exposure to higher concentration of PCZ. In short, environmental concentrations of PCZ could not induce obvious impacts on fish, but long-term exposure to higher concentrations of CBZ could affect seriously the health status of fish.
