Abstract
Particle accelerators are an important tool to study the fundamental properties of elementary particles. Currently the highest energy accelerator is the LHC at CERN, in Geneva, Switzerland. ...Each of its four major detectors, such as the CMS detector, produces dozens of Petabytes of data per year to be analyzed by a large international collaboration. The processing is carried out on the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid, that spans over more than 170 compute centers around the world and is used by a number of particle physics experiments. Recently the LHC experiments were encouraged to make increasing use of HPC resources. While Grid resources are homogeneous with respect to the used Grid middleware, HPC installations can be very different in their setup. In order to integrate HPC resources into the highly automatized processing setups of the CMS experiment a number of challenges need to be addressed. For processing, access to primary data and metadata as well as access to the software is required. At Grid sites all this is achieved via a number of services that are provided by each center. However at HPC sites many of these capabilities cannot be easily provided and have to be enabled in the user space or enabled by other means. At HPC centers there are often restrictions regarding network access to remote services, which is again a severe limitation. The paper discusses a number of solutions and recent experiences by the CMS experiment to include HPC resources in processing campaigns.
Synopsis We demonstrate coherently controlled two-color above-threshold photoemission from a single crystal tungsten nanotip. With optimized fundamental and second harmonic intensities near perfect ...phase contrast can be obtained.
This Technical Design Report presents a detailed description of all aspects of the LUXE (Laser Und XFEL Experiment), an experiment that will combine the high-quality and high-energy electron beam of ...the European XFEL with a high-intensity laser, to explore the uncharted terrain of strong-field quantum electrodynamics characterised by both high energy and high intensity, reaching the Schwinger field and beyond. The further implications for the search of physics beyond the Standard Model are also discussed.
With the expansion of distributed energy resources and the phaseout of the feed-in-tariff scheme in Germany, self-consumption and electricity sharing within a community of prosumers are becoming more ...profitable. This paper derives optimal business models for a sustainable peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading platform (ETP) in Germany. It examines data from 1618 residential households collected from an online survey, including 1311 consumers and 307 prosumers. Our research aims to better understand under what circumstances these households would participate in a P2P ETP and how business models can support such platforms to create added value for private households. Therefore, households’ beliefs concerning their attitudes, perceived behavioral control, and subjective norms are analyzed according to the Theory of Planned Behavior, and business models are designed correspondingly. In order to evaluate the developed business models’ effectiveness and usefulness, we apply them to fifteen existing pioneer energy communities and platforms in Germany. We find that cost-saving and other financial benefits for households must be considered to be the primary value proposition offered by a service provider. Business models which help households to become more electricity self-sufficient and to consume less electricity from the public grid are the second-most important source of value creation from a household’s point of view. By connecting the business models and the P2P prosuming market model, recommendations for companies, policy-makers, and regulatory authorities are made.
•Households decide to become prosumers due to cost savings and financial benefits.•A suite of business models for future energy service providers is suggested.•Business models increase households’ financial benefits and save on energy costs.•Business models proposed enable households to increase energy self-sufficiency.•Companies should focus more on creating P2P energy-sharing communities or platforms.
In this paper, we identify key drivers and barriers for the adoption of building energy retrofits in Germany, which is promoted by public policy as an important measure to address the future ...challenges of climate change and energy security. We analyze data from a 2009 survey of more than 400 owner-occupiers of single-family detached, semidetached, and row houses in Germany, that was conducted as a computer-assisted personal interview (CAPI). In the survey, respondents were asked directly for reasons for and against retrofitting their homes, but also faced a choice experiment involving different energy retrofit measures. Overall, we find that house owners who are able to afford it financially, for whom it is profitable, and for whom there is a favorable opportunity are more likely to undertake energy retrofit activities. The latter point seems to be of particular importance in explaining the persistent low retrofit rate in Germany. Our results suggest that professional energy advice could stimulate the demand for building energy retrofits.
•Survey data of 400 owner-occupiers from Germany is analyzed.•Drivers and barriers for the adoption of building energy retrofits are identified.•Descriptive and econometric results underline the importance of economic factors.•The simulated incentive effect of expert recommendations is notable in magnitude.•Professional energy advice thus may help to stimulate energy retrofit activities.
•We did a Germany-wide discrete choice experiment among 711 (potential) car buyers.•36% of the respondents are not averse to alternative fuel vehicle (AFV) concepts.•WTP for attribute improvements ...varies widely among the 6 consumer segments studied.•Vehicle features have to reach some minimum requirements for consideration of AFVs.•Economic provision and operation of a fast-charging infrastructure seems possible.
In the light of European energy efficiency and clean air regulations, as well as an ambitious electric mobility goal of the German government, we examine consumer preferences for alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs) based on a Germany-wide discrete choice experiment among 711 potential car buyers. We estimate consumers’ willingness-to-pay and compensating variation (CV) for improvements in vehicle attributes, also taking taste differences in the population into account by applying a latent class model with 6 distinct consumer segments. Our results indicate that about 1/3 of the consumers are oriented towards at least one AFV option, with almost half of them being AFV-affine, showing a high probability of choosing AFVs despite their current shortcomings. Our results suggest that German car buyers’ willingness-to-pay for improvements of the various vehicle attributes varies considerably across consumer groups and that the vehicle features have to meet some minimum requirements for considering AFVs. The CV values show that decision-makers in the administration and industry should focus on the most promising consumer group of ‘AFV aficionados’ and their needs. It also shows that some vehicle attribute improvements could increase the demand for AFVs cost-effectively, and that consumers would accept surcharges for some vehicle attributes at a level which could enable their private provision and economic operation (e.g. fast-charging infrastructure). Improvement of other attributes will need governmental subsidies to compensate for insufficient consumer valuation (e.g. battery capacity).
•German car buyers are reluctant to buy alternative fuel vehicles.•Hybrid vehicles are far less likely to be rejected than battery only vehicles.•Car buyers are willing to pay considerable amounts ...for improved vehicle features depending on vehicle type.•Multiple policies are needed if alternative fuel vehicles uptake is to increase.
This paper analyzes the potential demand for privately used alternative fuel vehicles using German stated preference discrete choice data. By applying a mixed logit model, we find that the most sensitive group for the adoption of alternative fuel vehicles embraces younger, well-educated, and environmentally aware car buyers, who have the possibility to plug-in their car at home, and undertake numerous urban trips. Moreover, many households are willing to pay considerable amounts for greater fuel economy and emission reduction, improved driving range and charging infrastructure, as well as for enjoying vehicle tax exemptions and free parking or bus lane access. The scenario results suggest that conventional vehicles will maintain their dominance in the market. Finally, an increase in the battery electric vehicles’ range to a level comparable with all other vehicles has the same impact as a multiple measures policy intervention package.
The aim of this study is to assess the economic potentials of power and hydrogen generation via solar and wind energy resources at locations in Northern Germany and California, both of these ...(geographical) regions being pioneers in terms of a sustainable energy transition. Based on extensive research and electrolyzer manufacturer interviews, green hydrogen generation plants are modeled in a MATLAB® environment. All relevant inputs and outputs of the systems studied (wind power plants, photovoltaic power plants, and polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyzers, among others) are considered for different locations and framework conditions. In contrast to the existing literature, special attention is paid to the part-load behavior of electrolysis systems, which becomes particularly relevant in their interplay with volatile renewables. Metrics such as the levelized costs of electricity (LCOE) of the wind and photovoltaic power plants and the resulting levelized costs of hydrogen (LCOHy) are determined. With the help of the developed model, dimensioning of a whole system's components can be determined for different locations. A case study is conducted for a Northern German site and another one for a site in the Californian Mojave Desert. Both the optimal dimensioning of the renewable energy plants and the ratio of installed wind and photovoltaic power plant capacity are strongly location-dependent. In Northern Germany, for example, lower LCOHy can be generated at higher wind power plant capacity shares and, in the Mojave Desert, be produced at higher photovoltaic power plant capacity shares. In general, with larger plants and correspondingly larger polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyzers, LCOHy are lower due to scaling effects. Following this dimensioning recommendation, the LCOHy vary between 4.5 €/kg and 5.2 €/kg in the Northern German case study and between 4.6 US$/kg and 5.3 US$/kg in the Californian one. With costs of 1–2 €/kg, gray hydrogen is still economically superior.
•Hydrogen production is modeled based on electrolyzers, wind and PV power plants.•Due to the volatile power supply, a focus is on part-load behavior of electrolyzers.•The optimal sizing of the system components is determined for different locations.•Two case studies are conducted, for Northern Germany and the Mojave Desert, CA.•Levelized costs of hydrogen are found to vary between 4.5 and 5.2 €/kg (4.6–5.3 US$/kg).
The Indian power sector is experiencing a lot of pressure to supply sustainable electricity at affordable cost due to heavy demand especially in the summer peak season. Most of India's electricity is ...produced by fossil fueled power plants, which are the source of CO2 emissions. In this case, renewable energy sources play a vital role in securing sustainable energy without environmental emissions. This paper examines the effects of renewable energy use in electricity supply systems and estimates the CO2 emissions by developing various scenarios under the least cost approach. The LEAP energy model is used to develop these scenarios. The results show that in a ARET (accelerated renewable energy technology) scenario, 23% of electricity is generated by renewables only, and 74% of CO2 reduction is possible by 2050. If the maximum energy savings potential is combined with the ARET scenario, the renewables share in electricity supply rises to 36% as compared to the reference scenario, while the CO2 emission reduction in this case remains at 74%.
•The effect of renewable energy use in India's electricity supply system has been examined.•CO2 mitigation in different scenarios from a least-cost perspective has been estimated.•The LEAP model is used for developing alternative energy supply scenarios.•In an accelerated renewables scenario, their share rises to 23% by 2050 (−74% CO2).•Combining the scenarios with energy efficiency, the renewable share rises to 36% in 2050.
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