Abstract
This article describes the controlling of robot arm using different operations with choice. It is a programmable arm to hold and place the objects. Also it can change the position of the ...objects. The addition features are added to robotic arm using a reprogrammable FPGA mechanism. The robotic arm parts are jointed to give flexible move and rotate movements. We have used spartan3 FPGA to implement and test the robot arm conditions. We have used digital controlling inputs to control the robot arm directions.
Background: Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) involving exposure and response prevention is the gold standard psychotherapeutic intervention for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). However, applying ...traditional CBT techniques to treat patients with predominant obsessions (POs) without covert compulsions is fraught with problems because of inaccessibility of mental compulsions. In this context, we examined the efficacy of mindfulness-integrated CBT (MICBT) in patients with POs without prominent overt compulsions.
Materials and Methods: Twenty-seven patients with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition diagnosis of OCD were recruited from the specialty OCD clinic and the behavior therapy services of a tertiary care psychiatric hospital over 14 months. Patients had few or no overt compulsions and were free of medication or on a stable medication regimen for at least 2 months prior to baseline assessment. All patients received 12-16 sessions of MICBT on an outpatient basis. An independent rater (psychiatrist) administered the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (YBOCS) and the Clinical Global Impression Scale at baseline, mid- and post-treatment, and at 3-month follow-up.
Results: Of the 27 patients, 18 (67%) achieved remission (55% reduction in the YBOCS severity score) at 3-month follow-up. The average mean percentage reduction of obsessive severity at postintervention and 3-month follow-up was 56 (standard deviation SD = 23) and 63 (SD = 21), respectively.
Conclusions: Our study demonstrates that MICBT is efficacious in treating patients with POs without prominent overt compulsions. The results of this open-label study are encouraging and suggest that a larger randomized controlled trial examining the effects of MICBT may now be warranted.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a heterogeneous condition with a few major symptom dimensions. These symptom dimensions are thought to have unique clinical and neurobiological correlates. ...There seems to be a specific relation between OCD symptom dimensions and obsessive beliefs, but the findings are not consistent across studies. There is also a paucity of literature from culturally diverse settings. One of the reasons for the varied findings could be due to the method employed in measuring OCD symptoms.
In this study, we examined the relation between symptom dimensions and obsessive beliefs using the Dimensional Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale and the Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire respectively in 75 patients with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fourth Edition OCD.
Perfectionism predicted both aggressive and symmetry dimensions whereas responsibility beliefs predicted sexual and religious dimensions.
The findings suggest that certain obsessive beliefs predicted certain OCD symptom dimensions, but results are not entirely consistent with the published literature suggesting the possibility of cross-cultural variations. That the symptom dimensions have unique belief domains support the argument that symptom dimensions could be targeted to reduce the heterogeneity in etiological and treatment studies of OCD. Therapeutic interventions may have to aim at modifying unique belief domains underlying certain symptom dimensions rather than having generic cognitive-behavioral strategies.
•There are sparse controlled data on mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) in OCD.•MBCT is efficacious in treating OCD compared to psychological control treatment.•Illness severity and certain ...dysfunctional beliefs improved with MBCT.•MBCT needs to be compared with classic exposure and response prevention.
Recently, mindfulness-based therapies have emerged as a treatment modality for OCD, but there is sparse controlled data. We report the efficacy of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) in treating OCD in comparison with stress management training (SMT).
60 outpatients with DSM-IV-TR OCD attending a specialty OCD clinic were randomly assigned in 1:1 ratio to either MBCT (n=30) or SMT (n= 30). Both the groups received 12 weekly sessions of assigned intervention. An independent blind rater assessed the primary outcome measure at baseline and at the end of 12 weeks.
Significantly greater proportion of patients responded to MBCT than to SMT (80% vs. 27%, P <0.001). In the linear mixed-effects modelling for intent-to-treat analysis, there was a significant reduction in the illness severity measured using the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale, obsessive beliefs of ‘responsibility/threat estimation’ and ‘perfectionism/intolerance of uncertainty’ measured using the Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire and anxiety.
Small sample size with a relatively high attrition in the control group. Lack of a cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) control group.
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy is efficacious in the treatment of OCD. Future studies should compare MBCT with CBT in larger representative samples and also examine the sustainability of change in longitudinal studies.
Family studies in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) indicate higher rates of psychosis among their first-degree relatives (FDRs). However, the etiological and clinical relationships between the two ...disorders remain unclear. We compared the clinical characteristics and pharmacological treatment response in patients diagnosed with OCD with a family history of psychosis (OCD-FHP), with a family history of OCD (OCD-FHO) and those with sporadic OCD (OCD-S).
A total of 226 patients who met DSM-IV criteria for OCD (OCD-FHP = 59, OCD-FHO = 112, OCD-S = 55) were included for analysis. All patients were evaluated using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI 6.0.0), Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (YBOCS), and the Family Interview for Genetic Studies (FIGS). Treatment response was characterized over naturalistic follow-up.
The three groups did not differ across any demographic or clinical variables other than treatment response. Patients in the OCD-FHP group were found to have received a greater number of trials with serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRI) F (2,223) = 7.99, p < 0.001, were more likely to have failed ≥2 trials of SRIs (χ2 = 8.45, p = 0.014), and less likely to have attained remission (χ2 = 6.57, p = 0.037)
We observed that having a relative with psychosis may predispose to treatment resistance in OCD. Further research on the influence of genetic liability to psychosis on treatment response in OCD may offer novel translational leads.
•Familial risk of psychosis (FHP) in OCD was associated with poor treatment outcome.•OCD with FHP group received greater number of serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) trials.•Higher SRI resistance, and lower rates of remission were seen in OCD with FHP.•No differences in symptoms, comorbidity or demographic profile were seen.
Although the cardiovascular disease (CVD) burden is rising in different countries, the morbidity and mortality rate is not reduced to much extent because of lack of application of the biomarkers for ...diagnosing CVD. Hence, we aimed to establish the predictable biomarkers in conjunction to framingham risk score in order to predict the risk for CVD in non cardiac patients.
Three hundred subjects were screened for the study who came for the master health checkup. Out of them 50 patients were excluded as they were under medication. 23 patients were excluded due to various systemic diseases like fever and infection etc. The remaining of 227 patients with age range of 30-80 y was randomly selected for investigation. These subjects were divided into four different groups: Group I - controls with age range: 30-60 y (n=50) these subjects were free from all the systemic ailments and risk factors. Study groups comprised of Group II - (n=44) with age range: 30-40 y, Group III - (n=50) with age range: 41-50 y and Group IV - (n=83) with age range: 51-80 y. Patients with different risk factors without medication participated as study groups. Routine biochemical parameters were analysed using fully automated analyser and atherosclerotic biomarkers was analysed using ELISA kit. In addition to this, framingham risk scores was calculated in all the groups, for 30 y risk prognosis for CVD.
The atherosclerotic biomarkers such as E-selectin, Leptin, osteoprotegerin (OPG) and Ox-LDL were elevated among the study groups as compared to control group. Pearson correlation showed a significant association between the individual risk score (30 y framingham risk for CVD) of individuals, and the above biomarkers. The Receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis also showed a greater area under curve with higher sensitivity and specificity.
We conclude the application E-Selectin, leptin, OPG and Ox-LDL as biomarkers along with the framingham risk scores in prediction risk for CVD in the individuals with subclinical atherosclerosis. It is more reliable and predictable as compared to the individual biomarkers alone.
Deep sequencing-based genetic mapping has greatly enhanced the ability to catalog variants with plausible disease association. Confirming how these identified variants contribute to specific disease ...conditions, across human populations, poses the next challenge. Differential selection pressure may impact the frequency of genetic variations, and thus detection of association with disease conditions, across populations. To understand genotype to phenotype correlations, it thus becomes important to first understand the spectrum of genetic variation within a population by creating a reference map. In this study, we report the development of phase I of a new database of genetic variations called INDian EXome database (INDEX-db), from the Indian population, with an aim to establish a centralized database of integrated information. This could be useful for researchers involved in studying disease mechanisms at clinical, genetic, and cellular levels.
Abstract In a cross sectional study, we examined the contribution of cognitive appraisals to the quality of life (QOL) in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). Thirty one patients with ...the DSMIV diagnosis of OCD and 30 normal volunteers from community completed the Interpretation of Intrusions Inventory-31 (III-31), the World Health Organization Quality of Life-Brief (WHOQOL-BREF) and the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21). Patients scored higher than the normal controls on ‘inflated personal responsibility’, ‘thought control’, and ‘importance of thoughts’. Patients' QOL were poorer than that of normal controls. Cognitive appraisals of ‘thought control’ ( r =−0.56, p <0.01), ‘importance of thoughts’ ( r =−0.49, p <0.01), and ‘inflated responsibility’ ( r =−0.62, p <0.01) correlated negatively with the psychological domain of QOL after controlling for the duration of illness and the severity of depressive, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Total QOL correlated negatively with ‘thought control’ and ‘inflated personal responsibility’. Our findings suggest that cognitive appraisals contribute significantly to the poor QOL in patients with OCD. Therefore, modification of beliefs and appraisals may be essential for better QOL in patients with OCD.
Objective:
Adverse childhood experiences are linked to the development of a number of psychiatric illnesses in adulthood. Our study examined the pattern of adverse childhood experiences and their ...relation to the age of onset of major psychiatric conditions in individuals from families that had ⩾2 first-degree relatives with major psychiatric conditions (multiplex families), identified as part of an ongoing longitudinal study.
Methods:
Our sample consisted of 509 individuals from 215 families. Of these, 268 were affected, i.e., diagnosed with bipolar disorder (n = 61), obsessive–compulsive disorder (n = 58), schizophrenia (n = 52), substance dependence (n = 59) or co-occurring diagnoses (n = 38), while 241 were at-risk first-degree relatives who were either unaffected (n = 210) or had other depressive or anxiety disorders (n = 31). All individuals were evaluated using the Adverse Childhood Experiences – International Questionnaire and total adverse childhood experiences exposure and severity scores were calculated.
Results:
It was seen that affected males, as a group, had the greatest adverse childhood experiences exposure and severity scores in our sample. A Cox mixed effects model fit by gender revealed that a higher total adverse childhood experiences severity score was associated with significantly increased risk for an earlier age of onset of psychiatric diagnoses in males. A similar model that evaluated the interaction of diagnosis revealed an earlier age of onset in obsessive–compulsive disorder and substance dependence, but not in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
Conclusion:
Our study indicates that adverse childhood experiences were associated with an earlier onset of major psychiatric conditions in men and individuals diagnosed with obsessive–compulsive disorder and substance dependence. Ongoing longitudinal assessments in first-degree relatives from these families are expected to identify mechanisms underlying this relationship.
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