ABSTRACT
Negative feedback from active galactic nuclei (AGN) is the leading mechanism for the quenching of massive galaxies in the vast majority of modern galaxy evolution models. However, direct ...observational evidence that AGN feedback causes quenching on a population scale is lacking. Studies have shown that luminous AGN are preferentially located in gas-rich and star-forming galaxies, an observation that has sometimes been suggested to be in tension with a negative AGN feedback picture. We investigate three of the current cosmological simulations (illustrisTNG, EAGLE, and SIMBA) along with post-processed models for molecular hydrogen gas masses and perform similar tests to those used by observers. We find that the simulations predict: (i) no strong negative trends between Lbol and $f_{\mathrm{ H}_2}$ or specific star formation rate (sSFR); (ii) both high-luminosity ($L_{\rm {bol}} \ge 10^{44}\rm {\, erg\, s^{-1}}$) and high Eddington ratio (λEdd $\ge 1{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$) AGN are preferentially located in galaxies with high molecular gas fractions and sSFR; and (iii) that the gas-depleted and quenched fractions of AGN host galaxies are lower than a control sample of non-active galaxies. These three findings are in qualitative agreement with observational samples at z = 0 and z = 2 and show that such results are not in tension with the presence of strong AGN feedback, which all simulations we employ require to produce realistic massive galaxies. However, we also find quantifiable differences between predictions from the simulations, which could allow us to observationally test the different subgrid feedback models.
Context. Feedback from accreting supermassive black holes (SMBHs) is often identified as the main mechanism responsible for regulating star formation in active galactic nucleus (AGN) host galaxies. ...However, the relationships between AGN activity, radiation, winds, and star formation are complex and still far from being understood. Aims. We study scaling relations between AGN properties, host galaxy properties, and AGN winds. We then evaluate the wind mean impact on the global star formation history, taking into account the short AGN duty cycle with respect to that of star formation. Methods. We first collect AGN wind observations for 94 AGN with detected massive winds at sub-pc to kpc spatial scales. We then fold AGN wind scaling relations with AGN luminosity functions, to evaluate the average AGN wind mass-loading factor as a function of cosmic time. Results. We find strong correlations between the AGN molecular and ionised wind mass outflow rates and the AGN bolometric luminosity. The power law scaling is steeper for ionised winds (slope 1.29 ± 0.38) than for molecular winds (0.76 ± 0.06), meaning that the two rates converge at high bolometric luminosities. The molecular gas depletion timescale and the molecular gas fraction of galaxies hosting powerful AGN driven winds are 3–10 times shorter and smaller than those of main sequence galaxies with similar star formation rate (SFR), stellar mass, and redshift. These findings suggest that, at high AGN bolometric luminosity, the reduced molecular gas fraction may be due to the destruction of molecules by the wind, leading to a larger fraction of gas in the atomic ionised phase. The AGN wind mass-loading factor η = ṀOF/SFR is systematically higher than that of starburst driven winds. Conclusions. Our analysis shows that AGN winds are, on average, powerful enough to clean galaxies from their molecular gas only in massive systems at z ≲ 2, i.e. a strong form of co-evolution between SMBHs and galaxies appears to break down for the least massive galaxies.
We present a comprehensive study of the Na I λ5890, 5895 (Na I D) resonant lines in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS, DR7) spectroscopic sample to look for neutral gas outflows in the local ...galaxies. Individual galaxy spectra are stacked in bins of stellar mass (M⋆) and star formation rate (SFR) to investigate the dependence of galactic wind occurrence and velocity as a function of the galaxy position in the SFR-M⋆ plane. While in most cases the interstellar medium (ISM) absorption and emission lines are at the galaxy systemic velocity, in massive galaxies (M⋆ > 5 × M⊙) at the high SFR tail (SFR > 10−12 M⊙ yr−1) we find evidence of a significant blue-shifted Na I D absorption, which we interpret as evidence of neutral outflowing gas. The occurrence of the blue-shifted absorption in the stacked spectra does not depend on the contribution of the nuclear activity as it is observed at the same significance for purely star-forming (SF) galaxies, active galactic nuclei (AGN), and composite systems at fixed SFR. We confirm, instead, for all classes of objects a clear dependence on the galaxy disc inclination: the blueshift is the largest and the Na I D equivalent width the smallest for face-on galaxies, while the absorption feature is at the systemic velocity for edge-on systems. This indicates that the neutral outflow is mostly perpendicular or biconical with respect to the galactic disc. We also compare the kinematics of the neutral gas with the ionized gas phase as traced by the OIIIλ5007, Hα, NIIλ6548, and NIIλ6584 emission lines in the same galaxy spectra. Differently for the neutral gas phase, all the emission lines show evidence of perturbed kinematics only in galaxies with a significant level of nuclear activity, and they are independent of the galactic disc inclination. This would suggest that, while neutral winds originate from the galactic disc and are powered by SF feedback, ionized outflows are instead due to AGN feedback originating from the black hole accretion disc. In both the neutral and ionized gas phases, the observed wind velocities (of the order of 100−200 kms−1) suggest that the outflowing gas remains bound to the galaxy with no definitive effect on the gas reservoir.
The sub-mJy radio population is a mixture of active systems, that is star-forming galaxies (SFGs) and active galactic nuclei (AGNs). We study a sample of 883 radio sources detected at 1.4 GHz in a ...deep Very Large Array survey of the Extended Chandra Deep Field-South that reaches a best rms sensitivity of 6 μJy. We have used a simple scheme to disentangle SFGs, radio-quiet (RQ), and radio-loud (RL) AGNs based on the combination of radio data with Chandra X-ray data and mid-infrared observations from Spitzer. We find that at flux densities between about 30 and 100 μJy, the radio population is dominated by SFGs (~60 per cent) and that RQ AGNs become increasingly important over RL ones below 100 μJy. We also compare the host galaxy properties of the three classes in terms of morphology, optical colours and stellar masses. Our results show that both SFG and RQ AGN host galaxies have blue colours and late-type morphology while RL AGNs tend to be hosted by massive red galaxies with early-type morphology. This supports the hypothesis that radio emission in SFGs and RQ AGNs mainly comes from the same physical process: star formation in the host galaxy. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
Active galactic nuclei: what’s in a name? Padovani, P.; Alexander, D. M.; Assef, R. J. ...
The Astronomy and astrophysics review,
11/2017, Letnik:
25, Številka:
1
Journal Article
We study the incidence of nuclear obscuration on a complete sample of 1310 active galactic nuclei (AGN) selected on the basis of their rest-frame 2-10 keV X-ray flux from the XMM-COSMOS survey, in ...the redshift range 0.3 < z < 3.5. We classify the AGN as obscured or unobscured on the basis of either the optical spectral properties and the overall SED or the shape of the X-ray spectrum. The two classifications agree in about 70 per cent of the objects, and the remaining 30 per cent can be further subdivided into two distinct classes: at low luminosities X-ray unobscured AGN do not always show signs of broad lines or blue/UV continuum emission in their optical spectra, most likely due to galaxy dilution effects; at high-luminosities broad-line AGN may have absorbed X-ray spectra, which hints at an increased incidence of small-scale (sub-parsec) dust-free obscuration. We confirm that the fraction of obscured AGN is a decreasing function of the intrinsic X-ray luminosity, while the incidence of absorption shows significant evolution only for the most luminous AGN, which appear to be more commonly obscured at higher redshift. We find no significant difference between the mean stellar masses and star formation rates of obscured and unobscured AGN hosts. We conclude that the physical state of the medium responsible for obscuration in AGN is complex and mainly determined by the radiation environment (nuclear luminosity) in a small region enclosed within the gravitational sphere of influence of the central black hole, but is largely insensitive to the wider scale galactic conditions.
Abstract
We present 1–7 GHz high-resolution radio imaging (VLA and e-MERLIN) and spatially resolved ionized gas kinematics for 10 z < 0.2 type 2 ‘obscured’ quasars (log LAGN/erg s−1 ≳ 45) with ...moderate radio luminosities ($\log L_{\rm {1.4\,GHz}}$/W Hz−1 = 23.3–24.4). These targets were selected to have known ionized outflows based on broad O iii emission-line components (full width at half-maximum ≈ 800–1800 km s−1). Although ‘radio-quiet’ and not ‘radio AGN’ by many traditional criteria, we show that for nine of the targets, star formation likely accounts for ≲10 per cent of the radio emission. We find that ∼80–90 per cent of these nine targets exhibit extended radio structures on 1–25 kpc scales. The quasars’ radio morphologies, spectral indices, and position on the radio size–luminosity relationship reveals that these sources are consistent with being low power compact radio galaxies. Therefore, we favour radio jets as dominating the radio emission in the majority of these quasars. The radio jets we observe are associated with morphologically and kinematically distinct features in the ionized gas, such as increased turbulence and outflowing bubbles, revealing jet–gas interaction on galactic scales. Importantly, such conclusions could not have been drawn from current low-resolution radio surveys such as FIRST. Our observations support a scenario where compact radio jets, with modest radio luminosities, are a crucial feedback mechanism for massive galaxies during a quasar phase.
We investigate the star formation properties of ∼800 sources detected in one of the deepest radio surveys at 1.4 GHz. Our sample spans a wide redshift range (∼0.1–4) and about four orders of ...magnitude in star formation rate (SFR). It includes both star-forming galaxies (SFGs) and active galactic nuclei (AGNs), further divided into radio-quiet (RQ) and radio-loud objects. We compare the SFR derived from the far-infrared luminosity, as traced by Herschel, with the SFR computed from their radio emission. We find that the radio power is a good SFR tracer not only for pure SFGs but also in the host galaxies of RQ AGNs, with no significant deviation with redshift or specific SFR. Moreover, we quantify the contribution of the starburst activity in the SFG population and the occurrence of AGNs in sources with different level of star formation. Finally, we discuss the possibility of using deep radio survey as a tool to study the cosmic star formation history.
Abstract
Similarly to the cosmic star formation history, the black hole accretion rate density of the Universe peaked at 1 < z < 3. This cosmic epoch is hence best suited for investigating the ...effects of radiative feedback from active galactic nucleus (AGN). Observational efforts are under way to quantify the impact of the AGN feedback, if any, on their host galaxies. Here, we present a study of the molecular gas content of AGN hosts at z ∼ 1.5 using CO2−1 line emission observed with Atacama Large Millimeter/sub-mm Array (ALMA) for a sample of 10 AGNs. We compare this with a sample of galaxies without an AGN matched in redshift, stellar mass and star formation rate. We detect CO in three AGNs with L
CO ∼ 6.3–25.1 × 109 L⊙, which translates to a molecular hydrogen gas mass of 2.5–10 × 1010 M⊙ assuming conventional conversion factor of αCO ∼ 3.6. Our results indicate a >99 per cent probability of lower depletion time-scales and lower molecular gas fractions in AGN hosts with respect to the non-AGN comparison sample. We discuss the implications of these observations on the impact that AGN feedback may have on star formation efficiency of z >1 galaxies.
We imaged, with ALMA and ARGOS/LUCI, the molecular gas and dust and stellar continuum in XID2028, which is an obscured quasi-stellar object (QSO) at z = 1.593, where the presence of a massive outflow ...in the ionised gas component traced by the OIII5007 emission has been resolved up to 10 kpc. This target represents a unique test case to study QSO feedback in action at the peak epoch of AGN-galaxy co-evolution. The QSO was detected in the CO(5 − 4) transition and in the 1.3 mm continuum at ~30 and ~20σ significance, respectively; both emissions are confined in the central (<2 kpc) radius area. Our analysis suggests the presence of a fast rotating molecular disc (v ~ 400 km s−1) on very compact scales well inside the galaxy extent seen in the rest-frame optical light (~10 kpc, as inferred from the LUCI data). Adding available measurements in additional two CO transitions, CO(2 − 1) and CO(3 − 2), we could derive a total gas mass of ~1010 M⊙, thanks to a critical assessment of CO excitation and the comparison with the Rayleigh–Jeans continuum estimate. This translates into a very low gas fraction (<5%) and depletion timescales of 40–75 Myr, reinforcing the result of atypical gas consumption conditions in XID2028, possibly because of feedback effects on the host galaxy. Finally, we also detect the presence of high velocity CO gas at ~5σ, which we interpret as a signature of galaxy-scale molecular outflow that is spatially coincident with the ionised gas outflow. XID2028 therefore represents a unique case in which the measurement of total outflowing mass, of ~500–800 M⊙ yr−1 including the molecular and atomic components in both the ionised and neutral phases, was attempted for a high-z QSO.
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