This work aimed at investigating on a multi-year framework (2015–2021) the contributions of wildfire emissions to atmospheric CO2 observed at the ICOS atmospheric class-2 station Mt. Cimone (CMN, ...2165 m a.s.l. - Italy). Based on the analysis of a case study occurred in March 2020, a methodology providing indications about the possible presence of wildfire plumes from different European source regions was implemented. The methodology used observed CO at CMN, active fire detection by MODIS and air mass back-trajectories. An alternative detection method based on the use of a reanalysis dataset (CAMS) providing information about the amount of PM10 tagged to wildfires was also used.
The results suggested that CMN could be affected by wildfire plumes for a fraction of time ranging from 1% to 10% (as a function of the adopted methodology setting). Over the studied period, we found a potentially important contribution of plumes from eastern Europe during October–April, while during May–September there was a prevalence from the Mediterranean sectors.
Looking at the possible impact of these events to the observed CO2, we detected a notable increase of CO2 residuals with respect to periods not affected by fire perturbations during October–April (from +1.8 to +3.9 ppm, on average). We did not find evident impacts during the summer months, possibly due to a contribution by biospheric uptake during air mass transport to CMN (at least for a fraction of selected events).
We discussed the sensitivity of results as a function of the selection methodology settings, suggesting that the strictest set-up based on the detection of large CO excesses could trace “major” events. A medium level of agreement was found when comparing the results of our selection methodology with CAMS reanalysis (fraction of PM10 emitted by wildfires).
Even if it is still preliminary, our study indicated that the observations from CMN can represent, if supported by adequate diagnostic tools, a powerful dataset to evaluate the impact of wildfires to the atmospheric CO2 variability.
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•A methodology to detect wildfire plumes from European source regions was implemented.•Integration of in-situ CO observations with detection from satellite and transport modelling.•Eastern Europe dominated wildfire events from September to May, Mediterranean sectors during summer.•CO2 increase detected with wildfires during October–April, no robust signal during summer.
•We estimate the skill of two new short-range wave EPS for the Mediterranean Sea.•We compare two wave forecast systems driven by different atmospheric scale models.•The coarse wind EPS achieves ...similar or better results than the high resolution control member.•The right result is achieved, ensemble probabilistic additional value is verified.
This paper compares the performance of two wind and wave short range ensemble forecast systems for the Mediterranean Sea. In particular, it describes a six month verification experiment carried out by the U.K. Met Office and Italian Air Force Meteorological Service, based on their respective systems: the Met Office Global-Regional Ensemble Prediction System and the Nettuno Ensemble Prediction System. The latter is the ensemble version of the operational Nettuno forecast system.
Attention is focused on the differences between the two implementations (e.g. grid resolution and initial ensemble members sampling) and their effects on the prediction skill. The cross-verification of the two ensemble systems shows that from a macroscopic point of view the differences cancel out, suggesting similar skill. More in-depth analysis indicates that the Nettuno wave forecast is better resolved but, on average, slightly less reliable than the Met Office product. Assessment of the added value of the ensemble techniques at short range in comparison with the deterministic forecast from Nettuno, reveals that adopting the ensemble approach has small, but substantive, advantages.
Science with the New Generation of High Energy Gamma-ray
Experiments, Forum special publ., August 2003, p. 63 We discuss some open problems in the understanding of the Early Solar System
abundances ...of short-lived radioactive isotopes, and the important clarification
expected on this matter by precise measurements of the average galactic
abundances of 26Al and 60Fe, through their gamma-ray lines.
We discuss some open problems in the understanding of the Early Solar System abundances of short-lived radioactive isotopes, and the important clarification expected on this matter by precise ...measurements of the average galactic abundances of 26Al and 60Fe, through their gamma-ray lines.
This paper presents the simulation of the GLAST high energy gamma-ray telescope. The simulation package, written in C++, is based on the Geant4 toolkit, and it is integrated into a general framework ...used to process events. A detailed simulation of the electronic signals inside Silicon detectors has been provided and it is used for the particle tracking, which is handled by a dedicated software. A unique repository for the geometrical description of the detector has been realized using the XML language and a C++ library to access this information has been designed and implemented. As first application of the GLAST LAT software, one day of simulated data has been produced. This paper outlines the contribution developed by the Italian GLAST software group.
Background
The Italian Society for Orthopaedics and Traumatology conceived this guidance—which is primarily addressed to Italian orthopedic surgeons, but should also prove useful to other bone ...specialists and to general practitioners—in order to improve the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of osteoporosis and its consequences.
Materials and methods
Literature reviews by a multidisciplinary team.
Results
The following topics are covered: the role of instrumental, metabolic, and genetic evaluations in the diagnosis of osteoporosis; appraisal of the risk of fracture and thresholds for intervention; general strategies for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis (primary and secondary prevention); the pharmacologic treatment of osteoporosis; the setting and implementation of fracture liaison services for tertiary prevention. Grade A, B, and C recommendations are provided based on the main levels of evidence (1–3). Toolboxes for everyday clinical practice are provided.
Conclusions
The first up-to-date Italian guidelines for the primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention of osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures are presented.
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