Tomato Fruit Development and Metabolism Quinet, Muriel; Angosto, Trinidad; Yuste-Lisbona, Fernando J ...
Frontiers in plant science,
11/2019, Letnik:
10
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Tomato (
L.) belongs to the Solanaceae family and is the second most important fruit or vegetable crop next to potato (
L.). It is cultivated for fresh fruit and processed products. Tomatoes contain ...many health-promoting compounds including vitamins, carotenoids, and phenolic compounds. In addition to its economic and nutritional importance, tomatoes have become the model for the study of fleshy fruit development. Tomato is a climacteric fruit and dramatic metabolic changes occur during its fruit development. In this review, we provide an overview of our current understanding of tomato fruit metabolism. We begin by detailing the genetic and hormonal control of fruit development and ripening, after which we document the primary metabolism of tomato fruits, with a special focus on sugar, organic acid, and amino acid metabolism. Links between primary and secondary metabolic pathways are further highlighted by the importance of pigments, flavonoids, and volatiles for tomato fruit quality. Finally, as tomato plants are sensitive to several abiotic stresses, we briefly summarize the effects of adverse environmental conditions on tomato fruit metabolism and quality.
The SARS‐CoV‐2 outbreak has been one of the largest public health crises globally, while thrombotic complications have emerged as an important factor contributing to mortality. Therefore, compounds ...that regulate the processes involved in thrombosis could represent a dietary strategy to prevent thrombotic complications involved in COVID‐19. In August 2022, various databases were consulted using the keywords “flavonoids”, “antiplatelet”, “anticoagulant”, “fibrinolytic”, and “nitric oxide”. Studies conducted between 2019 and 2022 were chosen. Flavonoids, at concentrations mainly between 2 and 300 μM, are capable of regulating platelet aggregation, blood coagulation, fibrinolysis, and nitric oxide production due to their action on multiple receptors and enzymes. Most of the studies have been carried out through in vitro and in silico models, and limited studies have reported the in vivo and clinical effect of flavonoids. Currently, quercetin has been the only flavonoid evaluated clinically in patients with COVID‐19 for its effect on D‐dimer levels. Therefore, clinical studies in COVID‐19 patients analyzing the effect on platelet, coagulant, fibrinolytic, and nitric oxide parameters are required. In addition, further high‐quality studies that consider cytotoxic safety and bioavailability are required to firmly propose flavonoids as a treatment for the thrombotic complications implicated in COVID‐19.
The use of 2,5‐diformylpyrrole in self‐assembly reactions with diamines and Zn(II)/Cd(II) salts allowed the preparation of 2catenane, trefoil knot, and Borromean rings. The intrinsically dynamic ...nature of the diiminopyrrole motif rendered all of the formed assemblies intramolecularly flexible. The presence of diiminopyrrole revealed new coordination motifs and influenced the host–guest chemistry of the systems, as illustrated by hexafluorophosphate encapsulation by Borromean rings.
Self‐assembly of 2,5‐diformylpyrrole with diamines in the presence of Zn(II)/Cd(II) resulted in the formation of a 2catenane, trefoil knot, and Borromean rings. The presence of a diiminopyrrole coordination motif rendered all new systems intrinsically flexible, as demonstrated by the combination of NMR spectroscopy, X‐ray crystallography, and computational studies.
Forest trees are an unparalleled group of organisms in their combined ecological, economic and societal importance. With widespread distributions, predominantly random mating systems and large ...population sizes, most tree species harbour extensive genetic variation both within and among populations. At the same time, demographic processes associated with Pleistocene climate oscillations and land‐use change have affected contemporary range‐wide diversity and may impinge on the potential for future adaptation. Understanding how these adaptive and neutral processes have shaped the genomes of trees species is therefore central to their management and conservation. As for many other taxa, the advent of high‐throughput sequencing methods is expected to yield an understanding of the interplay between the genome and environment at a level of detail and depth not possible only a few years ago. An international conference entitled ‘Genomics and Forest Tree Genetics’ was held in May 2016, in Arcachon (France), and brought together forest geneticists with a wide range of research interests to disseminate recent efforts that leverage contemporary genomic tools to probe the population, quantitative and evolutionary genomics of trees. An important goal of the conference was to discuss how such data can be applied to both genome‐enabled breeding and the conservation of forest genetic resources under land use and climate change. Here, we report discoveries presented at the meeting and discuss how the ecological genomic toolkit can be used to address both basic and applied questions in tree biology.
•Resource-based strategies in the Chilean wine industry.•System Dynamics modeling with in-depth semistructured interviews.•Tour operators and services are critical drivers in increasing tourism ...adoption.•Product attractiveness has a stronger influence on tourism adoption in the long term.
The aim of this paper is to identify the key drivers of wine tourism adoption in Chile and their feedback loop structures through an extensive literature review supplemented by in-depth semistructured interviews of Chilean wine managers. We develop a model to quantitatively assess the impacts of these drivers on wine tourism adoption over time. We use a system dynamics modeling approach to simulate the effectiveness of wine adoption drivers based on data from 69 Chilean wine firms. To different degrees, five drivers affect wine tourists: word-of-mouth recommendations, product attractiveness, tourism services, information available on the internet, and tour operators’ recommendations. Tour operators and tourism services are critical drivers in increasing the number of wine tourists, but product attractiveness has a stronger influence over the long term.
This article aims to promote the integration of knowledge and life based on a phenomenological description of sexuality and erotic relations. To carry out this task, I will follow the approaches of ...the French philosopher Michel Henry in order to extract the anthropological consequences of a phenomenology of incarnation pertaining to sexuality. Both the peculiar union produced by the sexual act and its perpetually threatened condition through the “event” of nihilation of the flesh will be the object of reflection throughout this work. In my search for the reintegration of the human being through the sexual act, I will show the importance of woman and her spiritual superiority in deepening the intimate meaning of sexuality. Further, I will argue that the intersubjective experience lived in sexual practice demands a consideration of human beings from their ultimate condition of relational possibility (Life), emphasizing their engendered, not merely created, condition. Thus, the salvation of human beings and their involvement in the coming of Life to them is intrinsically related to that carnal disposition which aids to unify them, beyond their diversity, in their self-revelation in Life.
•Solanum lycopersicum had an “excluder” strategy towards Na+.•Solanum chilense had an “includer” strategy towards Na+.•Cl−accumulation was similar in S. lycopersicum and S. chilense.•Both species ...limited the entry of toxic ions in reproductive structures.•Cl− and Na+contributed to osmotic adjustment.
Salinity is of growing global concern and affects the yield of several crop species, including tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Halophyte wild relatives could be used to improve salt tolerance of crop species. Among wild tomato relatives, Solanum chilense was shown to be NaCl-tolerant but its strategy for Na+ accumulation and repartition remained poorly understood, and its Cl−accumulation was never investigated. In this study, both species were cultivated under salinity (0, 60 and 120 mM NaCl) during vegetative and reproductive phases. We investigated the ion (Na+, K+, Cl−) accumulation and repartition in the different organs (leaves, stems, roots, inflorescences), the expression of Na+ and Cl− transporters in vegetative organs and the role of these ions in osmotic management. Solanum chilense accumulated mainly Na+ in the shoots while S. lycopersicum accumulated it mainly in the roots so that the Na+ shoot/root ratio was 10 times higher in S. chilense than in S. lycopersicum. This suggests that S. chilense had an includer strategy while S. lycopersicum had an excluder strategy towards Na+. The excluder behavior of S. lycopersicum was linked to the high expression of HKT1;2 and SOS pathway genes in roots. In contrast to Na+, both species accumulated Cl− in a similar way and Cl− content was higher in the shoots than in the roots in both species. In addition, both species limited the entry of Na+ and Cl− in the inflorescences. The Na+ and Cl− concentrations were respectively about 3 and 2 times lower in the inflorescences than in the leaves. Ions also contributed to osmotic adjustment, mainly Cl− in S. lycopersicum and Na+ and K+ in S. chilense. Overall, our results highlight the salt-tolerance characteristics of S. chilense compared to the cultivated tomato.
Whole plants and hypocotyl-derived calli of the halophyte plant species
Atriplex atacamensis
were exposed to 50 μM arsenate (As(V)) or 50 μM arsenite (As(III)). At the whole plant level, As(III) was ...more toxic than As(V): it reduced plant growth, stomatal conductance, photosystem II efficiency while As(V) did not. In roots, As accumulated to higher level in response to As(III) than in response to As(V). Within root tissues, both arsenate and arsenite were identified in response to each treatment suggesting that oxidation of As(III) may occur. More than 40% of As was bound to the cell wall in the roots of As(V)-treated plants while this proportion strongly decreased in As(III)-treated ones. In leaves, total As and the proportion of As bound to the cell wall were similar in response to As(V) and As(III). Non-protein thiol increased to higher extent in response to As(V) than in response to As(III) while ethylene synthesis was increased in As(III)-treated plants only. Polyamine profile was modified in a contrasting way in response to As(V) and As(III). At the callus level, As(V) and As(III) 50 μM did not reduce growth despite an important As accumulation within tissues. Calli exposed to 50 μM As did not increase the endogenous non-protein thiol. In contrast to the whole plants, arsenite was not more toxic than arsenate at the cell line level and As(V)-treated calli produced higher amounts of ethylene and malondialdehyde. A very high dose of As(V) (1000 μM) strongly reduced callus growth and lead to non-protein thiols accumulation. It is concluded that As(III) was more toxic than As(V) at the plant level but not at the cellular level and that differential toxicity was not fully explained by speciation of accumulated As. Arsenic resistance in
A. atacamensis
exhibited a cellular component which however did not reflect the behavior of whole plant when exposed to As(V) or As(III).
Chiral nematic liquid crystals are known to form blue phases-liquid states of matter that exhibit ordered cubic arrangements of topological defects. Blue-phase specimens, however, are generally ...polycrystalline, consisting of randomly oriented domains that limit their performance in applications. A strategy that relies on nano-patterned substrates is presented here for preparation of stable, macroscopic single-crystal blue-phase materials. Different template designs are conceived to exert control over different planes of the blue-phase lattice orientation with respect to the underlying substrate. Experiments are then used to demonstrate that it is indeed possible to create stable single-crystal blue-phase domains with the desired orientation over large regions. These results provide a potential avenue to fully exploit the electro-optical properties of blue phases, which have been hindered by the existence of grain boundaries.
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