In the semi-extensive farming systems that are used to raise European wild boar in countries such as Chile, the behavior of the animals in paddocks has not been studied and is important for managing ...the system. The objective of the present study was to determine the proportion of time that grazing wild boar spent on different activities and the distribution of these activities during the day. The study was conducted in paddocks containing Cynodon dactylon, Lolium perenne and Poa pratensis. A total of 35 purebred European wild boars with a liveweight (average + SEM) of 37.4 + 1.11 kg with noserings were used in the study. The animals were in the paddocks from 08:30 h until 16:30 h, after which they had free access to a commercial diet for one hour and were kept in a barn until the following day. The activity of each animal was observed every 5 minutes throughout the grazing period, with the activities categorized as grazing, rooting (either with the snout or foot), walking, running, playing, lying down, drinking or other activities. Overall, throughout the grazing time, the animals spent 26% of their time grazing, 17% rooting, 7% walking, 3% playing, 2% drinking and 44% lying down. When the animals entered the paddock in the morning, they grazed intensively, as 74% of observations were of grazing during the first half hour. Gradually the observations of grazing decreased, reaching the lowest number between 12:00 and 12:30 h, when only one animal was observed to graze at one timepoint. The number of animals observed lying down gradually increased over the morning. In the afternoon, the proportion of animals grazing gradually increased, reaching a maximum of 27% of animals grazing at 15:00 h. Over an 8-hour period with access to pasture, European wild boar spent a significant amount of time grazing (26%). The intensity of grazing was high when they first entered the paddock and decreased gradually over the next four hours, increasing slightly again toward the end of the 8-hour period.
Memoria (licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales)
No autorizada por el autor para ser publicada a texto completo
El presente trabajo ha tenido como propósito poner de manifiesto la presencia de ...contenidos de la teoría criminológica tradicional y moderna en una selección de la obra dramática del autor inglés William Shakespeare.;
Para ello, se ha presentado una primera parte dando un vistazo general a aquellos elementos que consideramos indispensables y sin los cuales no podría el lector enfrentarse adecuadamente al examen de tal material, como son; antecedentes políticos e históricos de la época en que el autor vivió, una reseña biográfica, y un examen breve de su obra y del teatro isabelino particularmente.;
A continuación la investigación se desenvuelve pasando revista a algunos de los temas claves de la discusión criminológica clásica y contemporánea, vigentes siempre a través de toda la historia y evolución de la disciplina, de tal suerte de provocar el intercambio natural con el material del dramaturgo seleccionado. Es así como el planteamiento general del tema es seguido luego por la correspondiente cita de los pasajes que son juzgados pertinentes a la hora de ilustrar la presencia de tales conceptos en la creación del autor inglés.;
La selección de la obra aborda quizás lo más significativo de la producción del teatro de Shakespeare, así como se han seleccionado los temas relevantes de la reflexión criminológica de siempre a fin de subrayar el hecho de que esos grandes temas lo son, tanto para la criminología como para el teatro. De ese modo, el análisis pasa tanto por temas más amplios, como son el control social y el tratamiento del castigo o la visión crítica de un sistema de justicia inequitativo, hasta más precisos y complejos, como la anomia y la distegración social, los mecanismos de neutralización, la vergüenzareintegrativa, el determinismo y el libre albedrío, el etiquetamiento, y el examen del caso de ciertos grupos específicos.;
Finalmente, como fue esbozado en un principio, se quiere dejar presente que la relación entre este material y la reflexión de la teoría criminológica, desde el momento en que descubren estar tocando temas comunes, se descubren una a otra como fuente y referente recípocras, y ello permite reforzar la idea de que la criminología y las artes en general, así como respecto de toda oproducción cultural, están obligadoas a citarse mutuamente puesto que en definitiva abordan las inquietudes de la humanidad más íntimas y por ello siempre presentes, aunque sean aparentemente abordadas y resueltas de modo diverso.;
A modo de anexo, se ha incluido un breve estudio de teoría leteraria que se centra en algunos aspectos de lo que es la obra dramática exclusivamente
Memoria-para-optar-al-Título-Profesional-de-Médico-Veterinario
El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar el grado de adopción de buenas prácticas en el ámbito del correcto uso de los fármacos de ...uso veterinario en el segmento de la pequeña agricultura de la producción nacional de bovinos de leche, debido a la gran importancia para la economía y salud pública que representa. Para esto, se realizó una encuesta a 89 productores distribuidos en 4 regiones del centro sur de Chile, espacio geográfico que concentra a la agricultura familiar campesina de este sistema productivo. Con lo anterior, se cotejó la presencia de 17 buenas prácticas en el correcto uso de fármacos veterinarios, así como el origen de su aprendizaje. Los resultados fueron expresados usando como base las recomendaciones de Muñoz et al. (2007) en Índice de Adopción de buenas prácticas (InAI) individual, Tasa de Adopción de buenas prácticas (TAI), Brecha de Índice de adopción de buenas prácticas, Índice de Adopción de buenas prácticas agrupado por región y el porcentaje de preferencia para la adopción de buenas prácticas para cada productor (referidos). El InAI promedio fue de 59% de adopción, la Brecha de InAI de 59% entre el productor más bajo y el más alto, la TAI dentro de la macrozona va desde 3% a 98% y la preferencia como fuente de información fue el aprendizaje autónomo, que se centra en el conocimiento tácito, dejando en segundo lugar a profesionales de INDAP y Médicos Veterinarios particulares. Se determinó que no existe una región que predomine estadísticamente por sobre las demás, pero destaca la Región de Los Ríos como la que presenta el promedio de InAI más alto y la Brecha más estrecha, siendo la más homogénea del presente estudio.
The objective of this study was to characterize the degree of adoption of good practices regarding the correct use of veterinary drugs in the field of small dairy farms in Chile, due to its great importance for the economy and public health. A survey was conducted with 89 producers distributed across four regions of south central Chile, which is the geographic area that concentrates productive systems based on peasant family farming. With this survey we were able to identify the presence of 17 good practices regarding the correct use of veterinary drugs, as well as the origin of their learning. The results were interpreted using the recommendations provided by Muñoz et al. (2007) including the Individual rate of good practice adoption (InAI), good practice adoption rate (TAI), good practice adoption index gap (InAI gap), good practice adoption rate by region and percentage of preference for adoption of good practices for each producer (referrals). The average InAI was 59%, the InAI gap between the lowest and the highest producer was 59%, the TAI within the macrozone ranged from 3% to 98% and the preferred source of information was autonomous learning, focused on tacit knowledge, leaving professional training provided by INDAP and private veterinarians in second place. Our results showed no statistically significant differences by region, however, the Los Ríos Region stands out as the one with the highest InAI average and the narrowest InAI gap, being the most homogeneous in the present study concerning good practices in dairy farming.
Financiado por el Fondo de Inversión Estratégica del Ministerio de Economía
The MYB superfamily constitutes the most abundant group of transcription factors described in plants. Members control processes such as epidermal cell differentiation, stomatal aperture, flavonoid ...synthesis, cold and drought tolerance and pathogen resistance. No genome-wide characterization of this family has been conducted in a woody species such as grapevine. In addition, previous analysis of the recently released grape genome sequence suggested expansion events of several gene families involved in wine quality.
We describe and classify 108 members of the grape R2R3 MYB gene subfamily in terms of their genomic gene structures and similarity to their putative Arabidopsis thaliana orthologues. Seven gene models were derived and analyzed in terms of gene expression and their DNA binding domain structures. Despite low overall sequence homology in the C-terminus of all proteins, even in those with similar functions across Arabidopsis and Vitis, highly conserved motif sequences and exon lengths were found. The grape epidermal cell fate clade is expanded when compared with the Arabidopsis and rice MYB subfamilies. Two anthocyanin MYBA related clusters were identified in chromosomes 2 and 14, one of which includes the previously described grape colour locus. Tannin related loci were also detected with eight candidate homologues in chromosomes 4, 9 and 11.
This genome wide transcription factor analysis in Vitis suggests that clade-specific grape R2R3 MYB genes are expanded while other MYB genes could be well conserved compared to Arabidopsis. MYB gene abundance, homology and orientation within particular loci also suggests that expanded MYB clades conferring quality attributes of grapes and wines, such as colour and astringency, could possess redundant, overlapping and cooperative functions.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal motoneuron disease with no current effective treatment. Accumulation of abnormal protein inclusions containing SOD1, TARDBP, FUS, among other proteins, ...is a pathological hallmark of ALS. Autophagy is the major degradation pathway involved in the clearance of damaged organelles and protein aggregates. Although autophagy has been shown to efficiently degrade ALS-linked mutant protein in cell culture models, several studies suggest that autophagy impairment may also contribute to disease pathogenesis. In this report, we tested the potential use of trehalose, a disaccharide that induces MTOR-independent autophagy, in the development of experimental ALS. Administration of trehalose to mutant SOD1 transgenic mice significantly prolonged life span and attenuated the progression of disease signs. These effects were associated with decreased accumulation of SOD1 aggregates and enhanced motoneuron survival. The protective effects of trehalose were associated with increased autophagy levels in motoneurons. Cell culture experiments demonstrated that trehalose led to mutant SOD1 degradation by autophagy in NSC34 motoneuron cells and also protected primary motoneurons against the toxicity of conditioned media from mutant SOD1 transgenic astrocytes. At the mechanistic level, trehalose treatment led to a significant upregulation in the expression of key autophagy-related genes at the mRNA level including Lc3, Becn1, Sqstm1 and Atg5. Consistent with these changes, trehalose administration enhanced the nuclear translocation of FOXO1, an important transcription factor involved in the activation of autophagy in neurons. This study suggests a potential use of trehalose and enhancers of MTOR-independent autophagy for the treatment of ALS.
There is a growing evidence describing a decline in adaptive homeostasis in aging-related diseases affecting the central nervous system (CNS), many of which are characterized by the appearance of ...non-native protein aggregates. One signaling pathway that allows cell adaptation is the integrated stress response (ISR), which senses stress stimuli through four kinases. ISR activation promotes translational arrest through the phosphorylation of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha (eIF2α) and the induction of a gene expression program to restore cellular homeostasis. However, depending on the stimulus, ISR can also induce cell death. One of the ISR sensors is the double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase protein kinase R (PKR), initially described as a viral infection sensor, and now a growing evidence supports a role for PKR on CNS physiology. PKR has been largely involved in the Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathological process. Here, we reviewed the antecedents supporting the role of PKR on the efficiency of synaptic transmission and cognition. Then, we review PKR's contribution to AD and discuss the possible participation of PKR as a player in the neurodegenerative process involved in aging-related pathologies affecting the CNS.
Mutations in superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1) cause familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (fALS). Recent evidence implicates adaptive responses to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the disease ...process via a pathway known as the unfolded protein response (UPR). Here, we investigated the contribution to fALS of X-box-binding protein-1 (XBP-1), a key UPR transcription factor that regulates genes involved in protein folding and quality control. Despite expectations that XBP-1 deficiency would enhance the pathogenesis of mutant SOD1, we observed a dramatic decrease in its toxicity due to an enhanced clearance of mutant SOD1 aggregates by macroautophagy, a cellular pathway involved in lysosome-mediated protein degradation. To validate these observations in vivo, we generated mutant SOD1 transgenic mice with specific deletion of XBP-1 in the nervous system. XBP-1-deficient mice were more resistant to developing disease, correlating with increased levels of autophagy in motoneurons and reduced accumulation of mutant SOD1 aggregates in the spinal cord. Post-mortem spinal cord samples from patients with sporadic ALS and fALS displayed a marked activation of both the UPR and autophagy. Our results reveal a new function of XBP-1 in the control of autophagy and indicate critical cross-talk between these two signaling pathways that can provide protection against neurodegeneration.
The aim of this study was to investigate the genomic features of a carbapenem-resistant hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae (CR-hvKp) isolate (K-2157) collected in Chile. Antibiotic susceptibility ...was determined using the disk diffusion and broth microdilution methods. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and hybrid assembly were performed, using data generated on the Illumina and Nanopore platforms. The mucoid phenotype was analyzed using both the string test and sedimentation profile. The genomic features of K-2157 (e.g., sequence type, K locus, and mobile genetic elements) were retrieved using different bioinformatic tools. Strain K-2157 exhibited resistance to carbapenems and was identified as a high-risk virulent clone belonging to capsular serotype K1 and sequence type 23 (ST23). Strikingly, K-2157 displayed a resistome composed of β-lactam resistance genes (
,
,
, and
), the fosfomycin resistance gene
, and the fluoroquinolones resistance genes
and
. Moreover, several genes involved in siderophore biosynthesis (
,
, and
), bacteriocins (
), and capsule hyperproduction (plasmid-borne
and
) were found, which is congruent with the positive string test displayed by K-2157. In addition, K-2157 harbored two plasmids: one of 113,644 bp (KPC+) and another of 230,602 bp, containing virulence genes, in addition to an integrative and conjugative element (ICE) embedded on its chromosome, revealing that the presence of these mobile genetic elements mediates the convergence between virulence and antibiotic resistance. Our report is the first genomic characterization of a hypervirulent and highly resistant K. pneumoniae isolate in Chile, which was collected during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Due to their global dissemination and public health impact, genomic surveillance of the spread of convergent high-risk K1-ST23 K. pneumoniae clones should be highly prioritized.
Klebsiella pneumoniae is a resistant pathogen involved primarily in hospital-acquired infections. This pathogen is characterized by its notorious resistance to last-line antibiotics, such as carbapenems. Moreover, hypervirulent K. pneumoniae (hvKp) isolates, first identified in Southeast Asia, have emerged globally and are able to cause infections in healthy people. Alarmingly, isolates displaying a convergence phenotype of carbapenem resistance and hypervirulence have been detected in several countries, representing a serious threat to public health. In this work, we analyzed the genomic characteristics of a carbapenem-resistant hvKp isolate recovered in 2022 from a patient with COVID-19 in Chile, representing the first analysis of this type in the country. Our results will provide a baseline for the study of these isolates in Chile, which will support the adoption of local measures aimed at controlling their dissemination.
The RESPONSIVE TO DEHYDRATION 22 (RD22) gene is a molecular link between abscisic acid (ABA) signalling and abiotic stress responses. Its expression has been used as a reliable ABA early response ...marker. In Arabidopsis, the single copy RD22 gene possesses a BURP domain also located at the C-terminus of USP embryonic proteins and the beta subunit of polygalacturonases. In grapevine, a RD22 gene has been identified but putative paralogs are also found in the grape genome, possibly forming a large RD22 family in this species. In this work, we searched for annotations containing BURP domains in the Vitis vinifera genome. Nineteen proteins were defined by a comparative analysis between the two genome predictions and RNA-Seq data. These sequences were compared to other plant BURPs identified in previous genome surveys allowing us to reconceive group classifications based on phylogenetic relationships and protein motif occurrence. We observed a lineage-specific evolution of the RD22 family, with the biggest expansion in grapevine and poplar. In contrast, rice, sorghum and maize presented highly expanded monocot-specific groups. The Vitis RD22 group may have expanded from segmental duplications as most of its members are confined to a region in chromosome 4. The inspection of transcriptomic data revealed variable expression of BURP genes in vegetative and reproductive organs. Many genes were induced in specific tissues or by abiotic and biotic stresses. Three RD22 genes were further studied showing that they responded oppositely to ABA and to stress conditions. Our results show that the inclusion of RNA-Seq data is essential while describing gene families and improving gene annotations. Robust phylogenetic analyses including all BURP members from other sequenced species helped us redefine previous relationships that were erroneously established. This work provides additional evidence for RD22 genes serving as marker genes for different organs or stresses in grapevine.
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