The ability of Poa annua L. to adapt to most turfgrass environments extends to its ability to develop resistance to commonly used herbicides. Herbicide resistant P. annua is of almost epidemic ...proportions. The loss of once viable chemical‐based treatments pushes practitioners towards more expensive, and often less effective, control strategies. This management guide focuses on integrated weed management (IWM) practices for P. annua control and herbicide resistance—what it is and how to overcome it. Also discussed are resistance mechanisms and documentation of common occurrences of field‐level resistance within much of the United States. Finally, a summary of some of the social and economic constraints that practitioners face in the implementation of IWM strategies for P. annua is discussed.
Core Ideas
Poa annua herbicide resistance is common worldwide.
An integrated weed management (IWM) strategy is necessary to combat herbicide resistance and maximize control.
Management success relies upon a diverse range of control options and stakeholder cooperation.
Economics and biological complexity of the problem pose a significant constraint to IWM adoption.
What is already known about this topic? Locally acquired mosquito-transmitted (autochthonous) Plasmodium vivax malaria was most recently reported in the United States in 2003. What is added by this ...report? Eight cases of autochthonous malaria were reported to CDC by state health departments in Florida (seven) and Texas (one) during May 18–July 17, 2023. Case surveillance, mosquito surveillance and control activities, and public outreach are ongoing. What are the implications for public health practice? The risk for autochthonous malaria in the United States remains very low. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of persons with malaria and reporting of cases to health departments and CDC is important to ensuring favorable clinical outcomes and a timely public health response. Malaria and other mosquitoborne diseases can be prevented by preventing mosquito bites.
A strong CD4(+) T cell response has been correlated with better control of HIV infection. However, the effect of HIV on the maintenance of Ag-specific memory CD4(+) T cells is not fully understood. ...We characterized the function and phenotype of memory CD4(+) T cells generated by mumps and influenza A or B viruses in HIV-infected individuals receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (n = 21), HIV-infected long-term nonprogressors (n = 10), and HIV-seronegative volunteers (n = 10). We observed significantly decreased proliferation of the Ag-specific central memory CD4(+) T cell population (CD28(+)/CCR7(+)/CD45RA(-)) in the antiretroviral treated HIV-infected individuals compared with the seronegative controls. Restored CD4(+) T cell count and decreased HIV viral load while on highly active antiretroviral therapy did not result in increased proliferation, whereas nadir CD4(+) T cell count predicted the presence of Ag-specific proliferation. Our results indicate that HIV infection leads to impaired maintenance of virus-induced or vaccine-generated central memory CD4(+) T cells that is not restored by HAART.
Television history channels and programming have seen considerable growth in recent years, yet empirical research on television history audiences remains limited. This essay argues that media history ...scholars need better to understand what happens when audiences consume television history, examining the critical debates concerning the genre's specific modalities of rendering the past on screen before exploring what opportunities and problems it affords viewers. The essay draws on original qualitative, empirical research on audiences of historical reality television through a specific, small-scale case study of BBC Wales' Coal House at War (Indus 2008). It argues for the need to retain a dual focus upon such programming's historical content and its televisuality if we are to appreciate the intricacies of viewers' cultural consumption. The essay concludes by demonstrating that audiences' own oral and written responses to television history reveal something of how people, situated in their specific times and places, understand both their past and their present.
Controlling unwanted annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) in desirable turfgrass species often relies heavily on herbicide use. As a result, increasing populations of herbicide‐resistant annual bluegrass ...have become a concern. In 2018, a university research and extension initiative began addressing the increasing herbicide‐resistant annual bluegrass epidemic. Preliminary findings produced by this research initiative were presented to golf course employees at the 2022 Golf Course Superintendents Association of American Educational Conference in San Diego, California. Findings were presented by a panel of scientists working on various annual bluegrass research sub‐objectives. A survey was designed to match the sub‐objectives within this panel presentation and determine what recommendations the attendees were most likely to use. The survey also identified environmental zones where participants originated and what turfgrass species they are managing in various areas of the golf course. The goal of sharing these survey findings is to assist turfgrass extension specialists and managers interested in designing annual bluegrass management programs that match stakeholder needs. Survey results determined that extension material pertaining to controlling annual bluegrass with cultural practices would interest the largest stakeholder cross section regardless of environmental turfgrass zone. Another major topic was annual bluegrass emergence patterns for herbicide timing, which was the most important or interesting topic for golf course employees in the warm‐season turfgrass environmental zone.
Core Ideas
Controlling annual bluegrass with cultural practices on golf courses received the most interest.
Annual bluegrass emergence patterns for herbicide timing also received significant interest.
Warm‐season zone stakeholders felt herbicide‐resistant populations, and mechanical control methods were important topics.
Corticotropin-releasing factor(1) (CRF(1)) antagonists may be effective in the treatment of anxiety disorders with fewer side effects compared with classic benzodiazepines. The behavioral effects of ...DMP904 4-(3-pentylamino)-2,7-dimethyl-8-(2-methyl-4-methoxyphenyl)-pyrazolo-1,5-a-pyrimidine and its effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis were related to its levels in plasma and estimated occupancy of central CRF(1) receptors. DMP904 (10-30 mg/kg, p.o.) and alprazolam (10 mg/kg, p.o.) increased time spent in open arms of an elevated-plus maze. In addition, acutely or chronically (14 days) administered DMP904 (1.0-30 mg/kg, p.o.) and acute alprazolam (1.0-3.0 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly reduced exit latency in the defensive withdrawal model of anxiety in rats, suggesting that tolerance may not develop to the anxiolytic-like effects of DMP904 in this model of anxiety. Acutely, DMP904 reversed the stress-induced increase in plasma corticosterone levels in defensive withdrawal at doses of 3.0 mg/kg and higher. These doses also resulted in levels of DMP904 in plasma similar to (for anxiolytic-like effects) or 4-fold higher (for effects on the HPA axis) than the in vitro IC(50) value for binding affinity at CRF(1) receptors and greater than 50% occupancy of CRF(1) receptors. Unlike alprazolam, DMP904 did not produce sedation, ataxia, or chlordiazepoxide-like subjective effects (as measured by locomotor activity, rotorod performance, and chlordiazepoxide discrimination assays, respectively) at doses at least 3-fold higher than anxiolytic-like doses. In conclusion, anxiolytic-like effects and effects on the stress-activated HPA axis of DMP904 in the defensive withdrawal model of anxiety required 50% or greater occupancy of central CRF(1) receptors. This level of CRF(1) receptor occupancy resulted in fewer motoric side effects compared with classic benzodiazepines.
This article explores the specificity of media participation in a small nation, Wales, through empirical research on participants in historical reality television. It takes as its focus the case ...study of BBC Wales’s multiplatform project, Coal House (Indus, 2007) and Coal House at War (Indus, 2008), which exemplifies how public service broadcasters in the digital era seek to cultivate diverse forms of participation from national and regional audiences. Drawing on interviews, text-in-action participant observation, and online postings, the authors examine how participants and their families negotiate issues of experience and embodiment, engaging in unpaid media labor to protect and promote their own experiences and interpretations of the show. In contrast to theories of celebrity emerging from analyses of globalized formats such as Big Brother, the authors propose the concept of the “localebrity” to explain how celebrity functions in the local and regional context of the small nation.
Television history channels and programming have seen considerable growth in recent years, yet empirical research on television history audiences remains limited. This essay argues that media history ...scholars need better to understand what happens when audiences consume television history, examining the critical debates concerning the genre's specific modalities of rendering the past on screen before exploring what opportunities and problems it affords viewers. The essay draws on original qualitative, empirical research on audiences of historical reality television through a specific, small-scale case study of BBC Wales' Coal House at War (Indus 2008). It argues for the need to retain a dual focus upon such programming's historical content and its televisuality if we are to appreciate the intricacies of viewers' cultural consumption. The essay concludes by demonstrating that audiences' own oral and written responses to television history reveal something of how people, situated in their specific times and places, understand both their past and their present. Reprinted by permission of Carfax Publishing, Taylor & Francis Ltd.
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