Careers in food preparation McGovern, Grace Kelly
Forecast for home economics,
1982, Letnik:
28, Številka:
1
Journal Article
The foodservice industry will continue to expand through the 1990's, adding approximately 250,000 jobs each year, of which 85,000 will be cooks or chefs. Students are encouraged to learn more about ...the responsibilities and training required to successfully enter and progress in the field. Examples include a description of cooking in a small kitchen where all food preparation is the cook's responsibility versus cooking in a large kitchen where a cook specializes. On-the-job training is more likely to substitute for formal education, but a high school diploma is recommended. Apprenticeship training programs are becoming popular and, currently, there are more than 5,000 students enrolled in a program operated by the American Culinary Federation. A strong desire to prepare or work with food is essential, and working part-time can help students decide if they are serious about the field. Learning activities are suggested and salaries are quoted. (kbc)
A mysterious feature of Crohn’s disease (CD) is the extra-intestinal manifestation of “creeping fat” (CrF), defined as expansion of mesenteric adipose tissue around the inflamed and fibrotic ...intestine. In the current study, we explore whether microbial translocation in CD serves as a central cue for CrF development. We discovered a subset of mucosal-associated gut bacteria that consistently translocated and remained viable in CrF in CD ileal surgical resections, and identified Clostridium innocuum as a signature of this consortium with strain variation between mucosal and adipose isolates, suggesting preference for lipid-rich environments. Single-cell RNA sequencing characterized CrF as both pro-fibrotic and pro-adipogenic with a rich milieu of activated immune cells responding to microbial stimuli, which we confirm in gnotobiotic mice colonized with C. innocuum. Ex vivo validation of expression patterns suggests C. innocuum stimulates tissue remodeling via M2 macrophages, leading to an adipose tissue barrier that serves to prevent systemic dissemination of bacteria.
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•Gut bacterial translocation to mesenteric adipose tissue (MAT) naturally occurs•MAT from Crohn’s disease (CD) harbors a bacterial consortium defined by C. innocuum•These bacteria in CD promote restructuring of MAT and formation of “creeping fat”•Creeping fat expansion and fibrosis prevent systemic translocation of gut bacteria
Ha et al. provide evidence that, in humans with inflammatory bowel disease, the phenomenon known as “creeping fat” is a protective response where mesenteric adipose tissue migrates (or “creeps”) to sites of gut barrier dysfunction to prevent systemic dissemination of potentially harmful bacterial antigens that have translocated across the barrier from the gut lumen.
Background. Patients with recurrent Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) have a > 60% risk of relapse, as conventional therapies do not address the underlying gastrointestinal dysbiosis. This ...exploratory study evaluated the safety and efficacy of bacterial spores for preventing recurrent CDI. Methods. Stool specimens from healthy donors were treated with ethanol to eliminate pathogens. The resulting spores were fractionated and encapsulated for oral delivery as SER-109. Following their response to standard-of-care antibiotics, patients in cohort 1 were treated with SER-109 on 2 consecutive days (geometric mean dose, 1.7 × 10⁹ spores), and those in cohort 2 were treated on 1 day (geometric mean dose, 1.1 × 10⁸ spores). The primary efficacy end point was absence of C. difficile-positive diarrhea during an 8-week follow-up period. Microbiome alterations were assessed. Results. Thirty patients (median age, 66.5 years; 67% female) were enrolled, and 26 (86.7%) met the primary efficacy end point. Three patients with early, self-limiting C. difficile-positive diarrhea did not require antibiotics and tested negative for C. difficile at 8 weeks; thus, 96.7% (29 of 30) achieved clinical resolution. In parallel, gut microbiota rapidly diversified, with durable engraftment of spores and no outgrowth of non-spore-forming bacteria found after SER-109 treatment. Adverse events included mild diarrhea, abdominal pain, and nausea. Conclusions. SER-109 successfully prevented CDI and had a favorable safety profile, supporting a novel microbiome-based intervention as a potential therapy for recurrent CDI.
When observers have prior knowledge about the likely outcome of their perceptual decisions, they exhibit robust behavioural biases in reaction time and choice accuracy. Computational modelling ...typically attributes these effects to strategic adjustments in the criterion amount of evidence required to commit to a choice alternative - usually implemented by a starting point shift - but recent work suggests that expectations may also fundamentally bias the encoding of the sensory evidence itself. Here, we recorded neural activity with EEG while participants performed a contrast discrimination task with valid, invalid, or neutral probabilistic cues across multiple testing sessions. We measured sensory evidence encoding via contrast-dependent steady-state visual-evoked potentials (SSVEP), while a read-out of criterion adjustments was provided by effector-selective mu-beta band activity over motor cortex. In keeping with prior modelling and neural recording studies, cues evoked substantial biases in motor preparation consistent with criterion adjustments, but we additionally found that the cues produced a significant modulation of the SSVEP during evidence presentation. While motor preparation adjustments were observed in the earliest trials, the sensory-level effects only emerged with extended task exposure. Our results suggest that, in addition to strategic adjustments to the decision process, probabilistic information can also induce subtle biases in the encoding of the evidence itself.
Environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) is a diffuse small bowel disorder associated with poor growth, inadequate responses to oral vaccines, and nutrient malabsorption in millions of children ...worldwide. We identify loss of the small intestinal Paneth and goblet cells that are critical for innate immunity, reduced villous height, increased bile acids, and dysregulated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD
) synthesis signaling as potential mechanisms underlying EED and which also correlated with diminished length-for-age
score. Isocaloric low-protein diet (LPD) consumption in mice recapitulated EED histopathology and transcriptomic changes in a microbiota-independent manner, as well as increases in serum and fecal bile acids. Children with refractory EED harbor single-nucleotide polymorphisms in key enzymes involved in NAD
synthesis. In mice, deletion of
, the gene encoding the rate-limiting enzyme in the NAD
salvage pathway, from intestinal epithelium also reduced Paneth cell function, a deficiency that was further aggravated by LPD. Separate supplementation with NAD
precursors or bile acid sequestrant partially restored LPD-associated Paneth cell defects and, when combined, fully restored all histopathology defects in LPD-fed mice. Therapeutic regimens that increase protein and NAD
contents while reducing excessive bile acids may benefit children with refractory EED.
Cigarette smoking is a major public health danger. Women and men smoke for different reasons and cessation treatments, such as the nicotine patch, are preferentially beneficial to men. The biological ...substrates of these sex differences are unknown. Earlier PET studies reported conflicting findings but were each hampered by experimental and/or analytical limitations. Our new image analysis technique, lp-ntPET (Normandin et al., 2012; Morris et al., 2013; Kim et al., 2014), has been optimized for capturing brief (lasting only minutes) and highly localized dopaminergic events in dynamic PET data. We coupled our analysis technique with high-resolution brain scanning and high-frequency motion correction to create the optimal experiment for capturing and characterizing the effects of smoking on the mesolimbic dopamine system in humans. Our main finding is that male smokers smoking in the PET scanner activate dopamine in the right ventral striatum during smoking but female smokers do not. This finding-men activating more ventrally than women-is consistent with the established notion that men smoke for the reinforcing drug effect of cigarettes whereas women smoke for other reasons, such as mood regulation and cue reactivity. lp-ntPET analysis produces a novel multidimensional endpoint: voxel-level temporal patterns of neurotransmitter release ("DA movies") in individual subjects. By examining these endpoints quantitatively, we demonstrate that the timing of dopaminergic responses to cigarette smoking differs between men and women. Men respond consistently and rapidly in the ventral striatum whereas women respond faster in a discrete subregion of the dorsal putamen.
During August-October, 2018, an outbreak of severe respiratory illness was reported among poultry slaughter plant workers in Virginia and Georgia, USA. A multiorganizational team investigated the ...cause and extent of illness, determined that the illness was psittacosis, and evaluated and recommended controls for health hazards in the workplace to prevent additional cases.
Objective:
This systematic review focused on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with physicians and nurses that tested interventions designed to improve their mental health, well-being, physical ...health, and lifestyle behaviors.
Data Source:
A systematic search of electronic databases from 2008 to May 2018 included PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus, and the Cochrane Library.
Study Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria:
Inclusion criteria included an RCT design, samples of physicians and/or nurses, and publication year 2008 or later with outcomes targeting mental health, well-being/resiliency, healthy lifestyle behaviors, and/or physical health. Exclusion criteria included studies with a focus on burnout without measures of mood, resiliency, mindfulness, or stress; primary focus on an area other than health promotion; and non-English papers.
Data Extraction:
Quantitative and qualitative data were extracted from each study by 2 independent researchers using a standardized template created in Covidence.
Data Synthesis:
Although meta-analytic pooling across all studies was desired, a wide array of outcome measures made quantitative pooling unsuitable. Therefore, effect sizes were calculated and a mini meta-analysis was completed.
Results:
Twenty-nine studies (N = 2708 participants) met the inclusion criteria. Results indicated that mindfulness and cognitive-behavioral therapy-based interventions are effective in reducing stress, anxiety, and depression. Brief interventions that incorporate deep breathing and gratitude may be beneficial. Visual triggers, pedometers, and health coaching with texting increased physical activity.
Conclusion:
Healthcare systems must promote the health and well-being of physicians and nurses with evidence-based interventions to improve population health and enhance the quality and safety of the care that is delivered.
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