Abstract
The Cosmic Evolution Survey (COSMOS) has become a cornerstone of extragalactic astronomy. Since the last public catalog in 2015, a wealth of new imaging and spectroscopic data have been ...collected in the COSMOS field. This paper describes the collection, processing, and analysis of these new imaging data to produce a new reference photometric redshift catalog. Source detection and multiwavelength photometry are performed for 1.7 million sources across the 2 deg
2
of the COSMOS field, ∼966,000 of which are measured with all available broadband data using both traditional aperture photometric methods and a new profile-fitting photometric extraction tool,
The Farmer
, which we have developed. A detailed comparison of the two resulting photometric catalogs is presented. Photometric redshifts are computed for all sources in each catalog utilizing two independent photometric redshift codes. Finally, a comparison is made between the performance of the photometric methodologies and of the redshift codes to demonstrate an exceptional degree of self-consistency in the resulting photometric redshifts. The
i
< 21 sources have subpercent photometric redshift accuracy and even the faintest sources at 25 <
i
< 27 reach a precision of 5%. Finally, these results are discussed in the context of previous, current, and future surveys in the COSMOS field. Compared to COSMOS2015, it reaches the same photometric redshift precision at almost one magnitude deeper. Both photometric catalogs and their photometric redshift solutions and physical parameters will be made available through the usual astronomical archive systems (ESO Phase 3, IPAC-IRSA, and CDS).
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe barriers and facilitators to implementing a transitional care intervention for cognitively impaired older adults and their caregivers lead by ...advanced practice nurses (APNs). Design and Methods: APNs implemented an evidence-based protocol to optimize transitions from hospital to home. An exploratory, qualitative directed content analysis examined 15 narrative case summaries written by APNs and fieldnotes from biweekly case conferences. Results: Three central themes emerged: patients and caregivers having the necessary information and knowledge, care coordination, and the caregiver experience. An additional category was also identified, APNs going above and beyond. Implications: APNs implemented individualized approaches and provided care that exceeds the type of care typically staffed and reimbursed in the American health care system by applying a Transitional Care Model, advanced clinical judgment, and doing whatever was necessary to prevent negative outcomes. Reimbursement reform as well as more formalized support systems and resources are necessary for APNs to consistently provide such care to patients and their caregivers during this vulnerable time of transition.
Context.
How galaxies form, assemble, and cease their star formation is a central question within the modern landscape of galaxy evolution studies. These processes are indelibly imprinted on the ...galaxy stellar mass function (SMF), and its measurement and understanding is key to uncovering a unified theory of galaxy evolution.
Aims.
We present constraints on the shape and evolution of the galaxy SMF, the quiescent galaxy fraction, and the cosmic stellar mass density across 90% of the history of the Universe from
z
= 7.5 → 0.2 as a means to study the physical processes that underpin galaxy evolution.
Methods.
The COSMOS survey is an ideal laboratory for studying representative galaxy samples. Now equipped with deeper and more homogeneous near-infrared coverage exploited by the COSMOS2020 catalog, we leverage the large 1.27 deg
2
effective area to improve sample statistics and understand spatial variations (cosmic variance) – particularly for rare, massive galaxies – and push to higher redshifts with greater confidence and mass completeness than previous studies. We divide the total stellar mass function into star-forming and quiescent subsamples through
NUVrJ
color-color selection. The measurements are then fit with single- and double-component Schechter functions to infer the intrinsic galaxy stellar mass function, the evolution of its key parameters, and the cosmic stellar mass density out to
z
= 7.5. Finally, we compare our measurements to predictions from state-of-the-art cosmological simulations and theoretical dark matter halo mass functions.
Results.
We find a smooth, monotonic evolution in the galaxy stellar mass function since
z
= 7.5, in general agreement with previous studies. The number density of star-forming systems have undergone remarkably consistent growth spanning four decades in stellar mass from
z
= 7.5 → 2 whereupon high-mass systems become predominantly quiescent (“downsizing”). Meanwhile, the assembly and growth of low-mass quiescent systems only occurred recently, and rapidly. An excess of massive systems at
z
≈ 2.5 − 5.5 with strikingly red colors, with some being newly identified, increase the observed number densities to the point where the SMF cannot be reconciled with a Schechter function.
Conclusions.
Systematics including cosmic variance and/or active galactic nuclei contamination are unlikely to fully explain this excess, and so we speculate that they may be dust-obscured populations similar to those found in far infrared surveys. Furthermore, we find a sustained agreement from
z
≈ 3 − 6 between the stellar and dark matter halo mass functions for the most massive systems, suggesting that star formation in massive halos may be more efficient at early times.
Abstract
We present the survey design, implementation, and outlook for COSMOS-Web, a 255 hr treasury program conducted by the James Webb Space Telescope in its first cycle of observations. COSMOS-Web ...is a contiguous 0.54 deg
2
NIRCam imaging survey in four filters (F115W, F150W, F277W, and F444W) that will reach 5
σ
point-source depths ranging ∼27.5–28.2 mag. In parallel, we will obtain 0.19 deg
2
of MIRI imaging in one filter (F770W) reaching 5
σ
point-source depths of ∼25.3–26.0 mag. COSMOS-Web will build on the rich heritage of multiwavelength observations and data products available in the COSMOS field. The design of COSMOS-Web is motivated by three primary science goals: (1) to discover thousands of galaxies in the Epoch of Reionization (6 ≲
z
≲ 11) and map reionization’s spatial distribution, environments, and drivers on scales sufficiently large to mitigate cosmic variance, (2) to identify hundreds of rare quiescent galaxies at
z
> 4 and place constraints on the formation of the universe’s most-massive galaxies (
M
⋆
> 10
10
M
⊙
), and (3) directly measure the evolution of the stellar-mass-to-halo-mass relation using weak gravitational lensing out to
z
∼ 2.5 and measure its variance with galaxies’ star formation histories and morphologies. In addition, we anticipate COSMOS-Web’s legacy value to reach far beyond these scientific goals, touching many other areas of astrophysics, such as the identification of the first direct collapse black hole candidates, ultracool subdwarf stars in the Galactic halo, and possibly the identification of
z
> 10 pair-instability supernovae. In this paper we provide an overview of the survey’s key measurements, specifications, goals, and prospects for new discovery.
Abstract
While space-borne optical and near-infrared facilities have succeeded in delivering a precise and spatially resolved picture of our Universe, their small survey area is known to ...underrepresent the true diversity of galaxy populations. Ground-based surveys have reached comparable depths but at lower spatial resolution, resulting in source confusion that hampers accurate photometry extractions. What once was limited to the infrared regime has now begun to challenge ground-based ultradeep surveys, affecting detection and photometry alike. Failing to address these challenges will mean forfeiting a representative view into the distant Universe. We introduce
The Farmer
: an automated, reproducible profile-fitting photometry package that pairs a library of smooth parametric models from
The Tractor
with a decision tree that determines the best-fit model in concert with neighboring sources. Photometry is measured by fitting the models on other bands leaving brightness free to vary. The resulting photometric measurements are naturally total, and no aperture corrections are required. Supporting diagnostics (e.g.,
χ
2
) enable measurement validation. As fitting models is relatively time intensive,
The Farmer
is built with high-performance computing routines. We benchmark
The Farmer
on a set of realistic COSMOS-like images and find accurate photometry, number counts, and galaxy shapes.
The Farmer
is already being utilized to produce catalogs for several large-area deep extragalactic surveys where it has been shown to tackle some of the most challenging optical and near-infrared data available, with the promise of extending to other ultradeep surveys expected in the near future.
The Farmer
is available to download from GitHub (
https://github.com/astroweaver/the_farmer
) and Zenodo (
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8205817
).
Reluctance to make eye contact during natural interactions is a central diagnostic criterion for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, the underlying neural correlates for eye contacts in ASD are ...unknown, and diagnostic biomarkers are active areas of investigation. Here, neuroimaging, eye-tracking, and pupillometry data were acquired simultaneously using two-person functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) during live "in-person" eye-to-eye contact and eye-gaze at a video face for typically-developed (TD) and participants with ASD to identify the neural correlates of live eye-to-eye contact in both groups. Comparisons between ASD and TD showed decreased right dorsal-parietal activity and increased right ventral temporal-parietal activity for ASD during live eye-to-eye contact (p≤0.05, FDR-corrected) and reduced cross-brain coherence consistent with atypical neural systems for live eye contact. Hypoactivity of right dorsal-parietal regions during eye contact in ASD was further associated with gold standard measures of social performance by the correlation of neural responses and individual measures of: ADOS-2, Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, 2nd Edition (r = -0.76, -0.92 and -0.77); and SRS-2, Social Responsiveness Scale, Second Edition (r = -0.58). The findings indicate that as categorized social ability decreases, neural responses to real eye-contact in the right dorsal parietal region also decrease consistent with a neural correlate for social characteristics in ASD.
Abstract
We present a new method based on information theory to find the optimal number of bands required to measure the physical properties of galaxies with desired accuracy. As a proof of concept, ...using the recently updated COSMOS catalog (COSMOS2020), we identify the most relevant wave bands for measuring the physical properties of galaxies in a Hawaii Two-0- (H20) and UVISTA-like survey for a sample of
i
< 25 AB mag galaxies. We find that with the available
i
-band fluxes,
r
,
u
, IRAC/
ch
2, and
z
bands provide most of the information regarding the redshift with importance decreasing from
r
band to
z
band. We also find that for the same sample, IRAC/
ch
2,
Y
,
r
, and
u
bands are the most relevant bands in stellar-mass measurements with decreasing order of importance. Investigating the intercorrelation between the bands, we train a model to predict UVISTA observations in near-IR from H20-like observations. We find that magnitudes in the
YJH
bands can be simulated/predicted with an accuracy of 1
σ
mag scatter ≲0.2 for galaxies brighter than 24 AB mag in near-IR bands. One should note that these conclusions depend on the selection criteria of the sample. For any new sample of galaxies with a different selection, these results should be remeasured. Our results suggest that in the presence of a limited number of bands, a machine-learning model trained over the population of observed galaxies with extensive spectral coverage outperforms template fitting. Such a machine-learning model maximally comprises the information acquired over available extensive surveys and breaks degeneracies in the parameter space of template fitting inevitable in the presence of a few bands.
This study used qualitative methods to examine the perceived influences on college students' selection and implementation of career choices. Students at two universities participated in a structured ...interview examining (a) factors that had affected their choice of occupational field, (b) supports and barriers to pursuing their choices, and (c) methods they had used to cope with choice barriers. Across both samples, person factors (e.g., interests) and work-relevant experiences were frequently cited bases for choice selection, although contextual factors (e.g., financial constraints, social supports) were among the most salient barriers and supports to choice implementation. Each sample also reported choice selection and implementation influences and coping strategies that may have been linked to their particular environmental and developmental contexts. Implications of these findings for career theory, research, and practice are considered.
•This work examined how the N400 ERP reflects temporal asynchrony of beat gesture relative to pitch accent.•Average N400 amplitude and latency reflect temporal integration of beat gesture with pitch ...accent.•Higher N400 trial-by-trial variability reflects temporal asynchrony between beat gesture and pitch accent.
This study examines how across-trial (average) and trial-by-trial (variability in) amplitude and latency of the N400 event-related potential (ERP) reflect temporal integration of pitch accent and beat gesture. Thirty native English speakers viewed videos of a talker producing sentences with beat gesture co-occurring with a pitch accented focus word (synchronous), beat gesture co-occurring with the onset of a subsequent non-focused word (asynchronous), or the absence of beat gesture (no beat). Across trials, increased amplitude and earlier latency were observed when beat gesture was temporally asynchronous with pitch accenting than when it was temporally synchronous with pitch accenting or absent. Moreover, temporal asynchrony of beat gesture relative to pitch accent increased trial-by-trial variability of N400 amplitude and latency and influenced the relationship between across-trial and trial-by-trial N400 latency. These results indicate that across-trial and trial-by-trial amplitude and latency of the N400 ERP reflect temporal integration of beat gesture and pitch accent during language comprehension, supporting extension of the integrated systems hypothesis of gesture-speech processing and neural noise theories to focus processing in typical adult populations.
Social anhedonia is a transdiagnostic trait that reflects reduced pleasure from social interaction. It has historically been associated with autism, however, very few studies have directly examined ...behavioral symptoms of social anhedonia in autistic youth. We investigated rates of social anhedonia in autistic compared to non-autistic youth and the relative contributions of autism and social anhedonia symptoms to co-occurring mental health.
Participants were 290 youth (M
=13.75, N
=155) ranging in age from 8 to 18. Youth completed a cognitive assessment and a diagnostic interview. Their caregiver completed questionnaires regarding symptoms of autism and co-occurring psychiatric conditions.
Autistic youth were more likely to meet criteria for social anhedonia than non-autistic youth. There was a significant positive relationship between age and social anhedonia symptom severity, but there was no association between sex and social anhedonia. Dominance analysis revealed that social anhedonia symptom severity had the strongest association with symptoms of depression and social anxiety, while symptoms of ADHD, generalized anxiety, and separation anxiety were most strongly associated with autism symptom severity.
This was the first study to tease out the relative importance of social anhedonia and autism symptoms in understanding psychiatric symptoms in autistic youth. Findings revealed higher rates of social anhedonia in autistic youth. Our results indicate that social anhedonia is an important transdiagnostic trait that plays a unique role in understanding co-occurring depression and social anxiety in autistic youth. Future research should utilize longitudinal data to test the transactional relationships between social anhedonia and internalizing symptoms over time.
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