The presence of β-mannans in feed can produce a futile and chronic immune stimulation in fattening pigs. In this trial, a 1-4-endo-D-β-mannanase was added to the feed (HC) during growth and fattening ...(0.03% of Hemicell HT) and physical performance and pathological data were recorded, and intestinal integrity and immune activation were studied by molecular biomarkers, compared to a control group (CON). The treatment diet was reduced in energy content by 40 Kcal/kg NE. From each group, 113 and 112 animals housed in 8 pens were individually identified and weighed three times: at 7th, 63rd and 116th days in feed. The FCR was calculated for groups of two pens and ADG individually. There was no difference in ADG (CON = 0.836, HC = 0.818) nor in FCR between groups (p = 0.486). During growth, there was a higher frequency of normal feces in HC and there were also no differences in the frequency of gastric lesions. A significant increase in Claudin, Occludin, IFN-γ and IL8 was observed in the CON in feces and a significant decrease in IL-6 in HC. In tissues, there were differences for IL-12p40, TNF-alpha in jejunum (increased CON) and TGF-β in ileum and jejunum, (decreased HC). The economic performance was EUR 4.7 better in the treated group. In conclusion, the addition of 1-4-endo-D-β--mannanase to the feed with a 1.6% reduction in net energy compared to the control, allowed the animals to perform as well as the animals on the higher energy diet, with lower prevalence of diarrhea.
The available E. coli vaccines involve two main types (inactivated and live non-pathogenic) and two routes of administration (oral and parenteral) but the mechanism by which both vaccines and routes ...of administration work is not yet fully elucidated. The influence of a parenteral vaccine (PV) and an oral one (OV) was studied by analyzing the gene expression of biomarkers indicating cellular infiltration (calprotectin, CAL), tight junction proteins (occludin OCL, and zonulin ZON) that maintain intestinal paracellular integration and two proinflammatory (IFN-γ) and anti-inflammatory (TGF-β) mediator cytokines, as well as histomorphology and IgA production cell density. Differences were observed in CAL, more infiltrated in orally vaccinated animals; OCL also increased in orally vaccinated animals, and higher density of IgA-producing cells in ileum for orally vaccinated groups. Cytokine expression is also different; and there is a lower mRNA for IFN-γ in the parenteral than in the oral vaccinated animals. Finally, the villus height-to-crypt depth ratio was higher in the orally vaccinated groups. The data collectively show clear and different effects derived from the use of each type of vaccine, route of administration and regimen. The results suggest a more rapid and direct effect of oral vaccination and a state of suppression in the absence of a second oral stimulus by the pathogen.
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic disease with several degrees of histological features which may progress to cirrhosis. Obesity is an important risk factor and although NAFLD ...has no specific pharmacological treatment, bariatric surgery has been associated with NAFLD regression in severely obese patients. However, few longitudinal histological studies support this finding. Therefore, firstly, a retrospective study was performed including clinical and histological data of 895 obese patients who underwent bariatric surgery. In addition, histological analyses of 30 patient's liver biopsies were evaluated at two timepoints (T1 and T2). The retrospective analysis of the total number of patients revealed that the average body mass index (BMI) was 35.91 ± 2.81 kg/m
. The liver biopsies during bariatric surgery showed that 53.52% did not present NAFLD, 30.16% had NASH, 15.98% isolated steatosis and 0.34% liver cirrhosis. The median BMI of the longitudinal cohort decreased from 37.9 ± 2.21 kg/m
at the time of bariatric surgery (T1) to 25.69 ± 3.79 kg/m
after 21 ± 22 months after the procedure (T2). The prevalence of NAFLD in T1 was 50%, and 16.67% in T2. The histological area of collagen fiber was lower in T2 compared to T1 (p = 0.0152) in the majority of patients, which was also illustrated by immunohistochemistry for Kupffer cell and myofibroblast formation markers. These findings confirmed the NAFLD regression after bariatric surgery and, for the first time, showed the amelioration of these features using more accurate histopathological techniques.
Salmonella Heidelberg is frequently associated with diseases transmitted by food of animal origin, so that the cleaning and disinfection of pigs farms are important for the control of this pathogen. ...This research was aimed to test the biocidal potential of ozonated water in different concentrations for the inactivation of a Salmonella Heidelberg isolated from pigs. We analyzed the strain antibiotic sensitivity profile to 17 antimicrobials and exposed the strain to disinfectant and three different concentrations of ozonated water (0.5 mg/L, 2.4 mg/L, and 4.4 mg/L) for one, five, and 10 minutes, in presence and absence of organic matter (OM), and performed a quantitative assessment of the bacterial genomic DNA. Salmonella Heidelberg was characterized as multidrug-resistant. Ozonated water inhibited bacterial growth in the absence of OM after one minute, with changes in bacterial DNA concentration.
The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of Salmonella enterica in by‑products (feathers, spleen, cecum, and crop) from broiler slaughterhouses as well as to determine the antimicrobial ...resistance profile of the identified serovars. Forty‑four lots of broilers in nine slaughterhouses located in the central‑west region of Brazil were evaluated. Samples of spleen, feathers, cecum, and crop were collected in a pool and a total of 1,232 samples were evalueted. These were processed for conventional bacterial isolation and subjected to biochemical and serological tests to identify serovars. The identified serovars were subjected to the antimicrobial susceptibility test, where nine different antimycotics were investigated. Salmonella enterica was identified in 7.1% (87/1,232) of all evaluated samples, mostly in feathers (12.3%) and spleen (8.1%). The most frequent serovars were Schwarzengrund (29.9%), Agona (25.4%), Mbandaka (12.7%) and Anatum (8.1%). Nine serovars showed resistance to at least one antimicrobial, especially serovars Mbandaka, Infantis and Typhimurium. Amoxicillin and tetracycline were not effective in inhibiting at least five and four serovars, respectively.
When multidrug-resistant microorganisms emerged, the search for alternative methods that are able to destroy microorganisms and are environmentally sustainable has intensified. Ozone appears in this ...scenario for its high oxidative potential, being effective in inactivating and destroying bacteria, viruses, fungi, and even parasites. It is used as a disinfectant in many industries and in wastewater treatment. Recently, its applicability in veterinary medicine has been investigated. Experimental activities showed its high antibacterial potential in veterinary therapy, as a method for environmental disinfection in livestock and water treatment in fish farms. In summary, ozone contributes to increasing safety of food of animal origin.
Con el surgimiento de los microorganismos resistentes a los antimicrobianos y desinfectantes, la búsqueda por métodos alternativos que sean eficientes en la destrucción microbiana y ambientalmente sostenibles se ha intensificado. El ozono emerge en este escenario por su alto potencial de oxidación, y por eso es efectivo para inactivar y destruir bacterias, virus, hongos e incluso parásitos. Es utilizado como desinfectante en diversas industrias y en el tratamiento de agua. Recientemente, su aplicabilidad en la medicina veterinaria fue investigada. Las investigaciones muestran su alto potencial antibacteriano en la terapia veterinaria, siendo un método para desinfectar ambientes en diferentes segmentos de producción animal, en el tratamiento de agua de los pescados y en la inocuidas de alimentos, aumentando la seguridad de los alimentos de origen animal.
Com o surgimento de novos micro-organismos resistentes à antimicrobianos e desinfetantes, intensificou-se a busca por métodos alternativos, que sejam eficientes na destruição microbiana e ambientalmente sustentáveis. O ozônio surge nesse cenário pelo seu elevado potencial oxidativo, sendo eficaz na inativação e destruição de bactérias, vírus, fungos e até mesmo em parasitos. É utilizado como desinfetante em diversos ramos industriais, no tratamento de águas residuais e, recentemente, tem sido investigado sua aplicabilidade em medicina veterinária. Atividades experimentais demonstram seu elevado potencial antibacteriano na terapêutica veterinária, como método de desinfecção de ambientes nos diferentes segmentos de produção animal, no tratamento de água na atividade aquícola e, na inocuidade de alimentos, aumentando a segurança de alimentos de origem animal.
ABSTRACT Essential oils have been extensively used in many commercial applications, one of them being anesthetics. The effect of four essential oils (tea tree, clove, eucalyptus, and mint oils) on ...the sedation, recovery, and behavioral stress of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) was evaluated. The sedative solutions, prepared with essential oils and anhydrous ethanol (1:4), were used for fish management procedures at a dose of 7.4 mL L-1 in a completely randomized block design with four treatments and seven replicates. The means were compared using Scott-Knott test (P < 0.05). Clove oil was found to be the most suitable oil for the immobilization of Nile tilapia; however, behavioral observations indicate that tea tree oil was the most efficient in reducing stress.
RESUMO Óleos essenciais vêm sendo intensamente utilizados em diversas aplicações comerciais, dentre elas como anestésicos. Avaliou-se o efeito de soluções com óleos extraídos de quatro tipos vegetais (melaleuca, cravo, eucalipto e menta) na sedação, na recuperação e no comportamento de estresse de tilápia-do-Nilo. Utilizaram-se soluções sedativas (óleo essencial:etanol, 1:4) na água de manejo dos peixes na dosagem de 7,4 mL/L sob delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e sete repetições. Os resultados foram submetidos ao teste Scott-Knott (P < 0,05). De acordo com os resultados, o mais indicado para a imobilização de tilápia-do-Nilo é o óleo de cravo, no entanto as observações comportamentais indicam o óleo de melaleuca como o mais eficiente na redução do estresse.
Massive occurrence of trichodinids is frequently accompanied by serious disease in fish farms. In this study, trichodinid species from the gills and skin of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) ...farmed in the central-western region of Brazil (state of Goiás) were morphologically characterized. Dried slides were prepared from the parasites and were impregnated with silver nitrate (2%). Morphometric characteristics were determined and schematic drawings of the denticles were made using photomicrographs produced from the slides. Seven species of trichodinid ectoparasites (Protozoa: Ciliophora: Trichodinidae) were found parasitizing the gills: four of the genus Trichodina Ehrenberg, 1838; one of Tripartiella Lom, 1959; one of Paratrichodina Lom, 1963; and one of Trichodinella Ṧrámek-Huṧek, 1953. On the body surface, three specimens of the genus Trichodina were identified. This study presents new geographical records of trichodinids in Brazil, thus confirming that Trichodina centrostrigeata, Trichodina compacta, Trichodina heterodentata, Paratrichodina africana and Tripartiella orthodens are widely distributed worldwide. Additionally, the first record of the genus Trichodinella in Brazil is presented.
Porcine proliferative enteropathy is an endemic worldwide disease, that causes enormous damage to the pig industry. Its agent is the bacteria Lawsonia intracellularis. This bacteria has several ...pathogenic mechanisms and, although well studied, many still remain unclear. Is can be manifested as acute, chronic or subclinical. This last one is usually underestimated but can cause average daily gain reduction and increase feed conversion ratio. Clinical signs may be very similar to other enteric diseases, requiring laboratory tests for diagnosis. To choose the best test, some points must be considered, as sample availability, laboratory capacity and infection stage of the animal. Then, this literature review was written about the disease, covering its main pathogenic aspects, clinical signs, lesions, and diagnostic technics.
La enteropatía proliferativa porcina es una enfermedad endémica en todo el mundo que causa daño enorme a la cadena de producción de porcinos. Su agente es la bacteria Lawsonia intracellularis. Esa bacteria tiene varios mecanismos patogénicos y, aunque bien estudiados, muchos aún permanecen ocultos. La enfermedad puede manifestarse como aguda, crónica o subclínica. Esa última, generalmente, es subestimado, pero causa una reducción en la ganancia media diaria e incremento de la conversión alimenticia. Los signos clínicos pueden ser muy similares a los de otras enfermedades entéricas, y por eso el diagnóstico de laboratório se hace necesario. Para elegir la técnica diagnostica, hay que considerar algunos aspectos como disponibilidad de la muestra, capacidad del laboratorio y período de infección del animal. Por lo tanto, se escribió una revisión de la literatura sobre la enfermedad, incluyendo sus aspectos patógenos, signos clínicos, lesiones y métodos de diagnóstico.
A enteropatia proliferativa suína é uma doença endêmica em todo o globo, causa enormes prejuízos à cadeia produtiva de suínos e seu agente etiológico é a bactéria Lawsonia intracellularis. Essa bactéria possui diversos mecanismos patogênicos e, apesar de bastante estudados, muitos ainda permanecem ocultos. Pode manifestar-se de forma aguda, crônica ou subclínica. Essa última, em geral, tem importância subestimada, mas causa redução do ganho de peso médio e aumento da conversão alimentar. Os sinais clínicos podem ser muito similares aos de demais doenças entéricas, sendo necessário a realização de testes diagnósticos laboratoriais. Para escolha do teste, devem ser considerados quesitos como disponibilidade das amostras, capacidade laboratorial e estágio da infecção do animal. Mediante a isso, foi feita uma revisão de literatura acerca da doença, abrangendo seus principais aspectos patogênicos, sinais clínicos, lesões e métodos diagnósticos.
Swine proliferative enteropathy causes huge damage to the pig industry. Treatment and prevention of this disease are usually done with many types and concentration of antimicrobials, which may end up ...causing doubt to the veterinarian when choosing treatment. Furthermore, the indiscriminate use of antibiotics has caused concern about the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria and its impact on public health. More recently, vaccines against this disease begin to be used and showed to be effective in reducing clinical signs, increasing weight gain and reducing antibiotic use. However, they do not prevent disease and clinical signs. Thus, the aim of this review was to bring a survey of studies that tested various antibiotics for treatment and prevention of swine proliferative enteropathy, as well as to show alternatives that may be complementary to the use of antimicrobials.
La enteropatía proliferativa del porcino causa un gran daño a la producción de porcinos. Su tratamiento y prevención generalmente son realizados con antimicrobianos de diversos tipos y concentraciones, lo que puede causar dudas al veterinario al elegir el tratamiento. Además, el uso indiscriminado de antibióticos suscita preocupación por la aparición de bacterias multirresistentes, lo que causa gran impacto en la salud pública. Más recientemente, han surgido vacunas contra la enfermedad que han tenido buen resultado para reducir los signos clínicos, aumentar la ganancia de peso y reducir el uso de antibióticos. Sin embargo, no fueran efectivas para prevenir la enfermedad y la manifestación de signos clínicos. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de esa revisión fue traer estudios que evaluaron varios antibióticos para el tratamiento y prevención de la enteritis proliferativa del porcino, así como mostrar alternativas que pueden ser complementarias al uso de antimicrobianos.
A enteropatia proliferativa suína causa enormes prejuízos à cadeia produtiva de suínos. O tratamento e prevenção é usualmente feito com antimicrobianos dos mais diversos tipos e concentrações, o que pode acabar gerando dúvida ao médico veterinário no momento de escolha do tratamento. Além do mais, o uso indiscriminado de antibióticos tem causado preocupação quanto ao surgimento de bactérias multiresistentes, havendo grande impacto na saúde pública. Mais recentemente, surgiram vacinas contra a doença. Nos estudos feitos, elas se mostraram eficazes na redução dos sinais clínicos, aumento do ganho de peso e redução do uso de antibióticos. Porém, não previnem a doença e a manifestação dos sinais clínicos. Mediante isso, o objetivo dessa revisão foi trazer um levantamento de trabalhos que testaram diversos antibióticos para tratamento e prevenção da enterite proliferativa suína, assim como mostrar alternativas que podem ser complementares ao uso de antimicrobianos.
PDF
