Despite their crucial role in health and disease, our knowledge of immune cells within human tissues remains limited. We surveyed the immune compartment of 16 tissues from 12 adult donors by ...single-cell RNA sequencing and VDJ sequencing generating a dataset of ~360,000 cells. To systematically resolve immune cell heterogeneity across tissues, we developed CellTypist, a machine learning tool for rapid and precise cell type annotation. Using this approach, combined with detailed curation, we determined the tissue distribution of finely phenotyped immune cell types, revealing hitherto unappreciated tissue-specific features and clonal architecture of T and B cells. Our multitissue approach lays the foundation for identifying highly resolved immune cell types by leveraging a common reference dataset, tissue-integrated expression analysis, and antigen receptor sequencing.
The study aims to evaluate the methodological quality of publications relating to predicting the need of conversion from laparoscopic to open cholecystectomy and to describe identified prognostic ...factors.
Only English full-text articles with their own unique observations from more than 300 patients were included. Only data using multivariate analysis of risk factors were selected. Quality assessment criteria stratifying the risk of bias were constructed and applied.
The methodological quality of the studies were mostly heterogeneous. Most studies performed well in half of the quality criteria and considered similar risk factors, such as male gender and old age, as significant. Several studies developed prediction models for risk of conversion. Independent risk factors appeared to have additive effects.
A detailed critical review of studies of prediction models and risk stratification for conversion from laparoscopic to open cholecystectomy is presented. One study is identified of high quality with a potential to be used in clinical practice, and external validation of this model is recommended.
•Methodological quality of the studies was mostly heterogeneous.•Several studies developed prediction models for risk of conversion.•Independent risk factors appeared to have additive effects.•Only one study was regarded as high quality.•High-quality studies should be conducted to externally validate prediction models.
Summary
Objectives
Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) is a global problem. Not all patients with VDD have clinical manifestations or secondary hyperparathyroidism. We studied the interaction between serum ...25‐hydroxy vitamin D (25OHD), parathormone (PTH) and bone mineral density (BMD) in Indian adolescents and adults.
Design
Population survey.
Patients
A total of 1829 adolescents and 1346 adults aged 50 years and above were analysed in this study.
Measurements
Serum biochemistry, 25OHD, PTH and BMD were estimated. Subjects were grouped according to quartiles of serum PTH. VDD was defined as severe (25OHD ≤ 5 ng/ml), moderate (25OHD ≤ 10 ng/ml) and mild (25OHD ≤ 20 ng/ml) and secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) when serum PTH levels >65 pg/ml.
Results
Only 30–40% of subjects with moderate and severe VDD, respectively, had SHPT. BMD decreased from Quartile 1 to Quartile 4 of PTH at all sites among adolescents and adults, with only a marginal decline in serum 25OHD levels between these quartiles. Further, within each PTH quartile, there was no difference in BMD according to categories of VDD. Analysing BMD in the different PTH quartiles, the PTH cut‐offs beyond which BMD showed a significant decline, was 35 pg/ml in adolescents and 53 pg/ml in adults.
Conclusions
Less than half of the subjects with VDD have SHPT. BMD levels start to decline at PTH values currently considered to be normal. These data suggest the need to redefine SHPT in different age groups keeping in mind the relationship between PTH and BMD. This may also influence the decision to supplement subjects with VDD.
Our aims were the following: 1) to compare multicontrast cortical lesion detection using 3T and 7T MR imaging, 2) to compare cortical lesion type frequency in relapsing-remitting and ...secondary-progressive MS, and 3) to assess whether detectability is related to the magnetization transfer ratio, an imaging marker sensitive to myelin content.
Multicontrast 3T and 7T MR images from 10 participants with relapsing-remitting MS and 10 with secondary-progressive MS. We used the following 3T contrast sequences: 3D-T1-weighted, quantitative T1, FLAIR, magnetization-transfer, and 2D proton-density- and T2-weighted. We used the following 7T contrast sequences: 3D-T1-weighted, quantitative T1, and 2D-T2*-weighted.
Cortical lesion counts at 7T were the following: 720 total cortical lesions, 420 leukocortical lesions (58%), 27 intracortical lesions (4%), and 273 subpial lesions (38%). Cortical lesion counts at 3T were the following: 424 total cortical, 393 leukocortical (93%), zero intracortical, and 31 subpial (7%) lesions. Total, intracortical, and subpial 3T lesion counts were significantly lower than the 7T counts (
< .002). Leukocortical lesion counts were not significantly different between scanners. Total and leukocortical lesion counts were significantly higher in secondary-progressive MS, at 3T and 7T (
≤ .02). Subpial lesions were significantly higher in secondary-progressive MS at 7T (
= .006). The magnetization transfer ratio values of leukocortical lesions visible on both scanners were significantly lower than the magnetization transfer ratio values of leukocortical lesions visible only at 3T. No significant difference was found in magnetization transfer ratio values between subpial lesions visible only at 7T and subpial lesions visible on both 3T and 7T.
Detection of leukocortical lesions at 3T is comparable with that at 7T MR imaging. Imaging at 3T is less sensitive to intracortical and subpial lesions. Leukocortical lesions not visible on 7T T2*-weighted MRI may be associated with less demyelination than those that are visible. Detectability of subpial lesions does not appear to be related to the degree of demyelination.
Background: India ranks first in the global share of tuberculosis (TB). Active TB is also associated with elevated levels of B-Cell growth factors like B-cell activating factor (BAFF) and a ...proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL). We aimed to study the circulating levels of ferritin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), BAFF, and APRIL in sputum-positive and sputum-negative active pulmonary TB (PTB) patients. Materials and Methods: We enrolled 90 sputum positive and 90 sputum-negative newly diagnosed PTB patients. All the patients underwent estimation of serum ferritin, hsCRP, BAFF, and APRIL before initiation of f Anti-Tubercular therapy (ATT), after 1 month of ATT, and after 2 months of ATT. We compared the change in the cytokines mentioned above in PTB subjects at baseline, after 01 and 02 months of the intensive phase of standard anti-tubercular therapy. Results: There was a significant difference between the serum BAFF levels at all times between the sputum-positive and sputum-negative groups (P < 0.001). There was a considerable increase in the APRIL level 2 months after initiation of ATT in both the groups (sputum positive group P = 0.004) (sputum negative group P < 0.001). There was a significant decrease in serum ferritin level and hsCRP after 2 months of ATT compared to baseline (P < 0.001) in both sputum positive and negative groups. Conclusion: Serum ferritin, hsCRP, and APRIL levels can be used to assess the treatment response in both sputum-positive and sputum-negative cases. Serum BAFF levels >587 pg/ml at baseline implies high probability of sputum smear positivity in a patient with PTB.
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