This article presents theory-based model explanations of meaning and compares them with the explanations of meaning presented in the
Dictionary of the Slovenian Standard Language, third edition
, and ...the
Dictionary of Proverbs and Similar Paremiological Expressions
– the paremiological dictionary of contemporary Slovenian. The making of model explanations of meaning is connected particularly with a desire to help lexicographers to present the meanings of paremiological expressions as uniformly as possible. The article discusses the scope of paremiological genres included in both dictionaries, describes the theoretical basis for the making of the model explanations of the meaning, and presents concrete examples of the explanations of meaning for expressions belonging to seven paremiological genres and certain subgenres.
U članku su prikazani teorijski modeli značenja sedam paremioloških vrsta i pojedinih podvrsta. Prikazana je i teorijska podloga za izradu modela značenja za svaku paremiološku vrstu (poslovica, izreka, praznovjerje, antiposlovica, wellerizam, slogan inekonvencionalni frazeološki odgovor). Poslovica izražava uvjerenje da je radnja ili stanje rezultat nekog općeg načela i nudi pouku; izreka opisuje obilježje radnje ili stanja (bez pouke); praznovjerje izražava praznovjerno uvjerenje da je radnja ili stanje rezultat nekog općeg načela; slogan izražava poziv na djelovanje ili stanje, u nekim slučajevima sadržava i pouku; antiposlovica parodijski izražava kritiku uvjerenja da je radnja ili stanje rezultat nekog općeg načela i da je pouka određene poslovice valjana; wellerizam izražava kritiku vjerovanja u pouku određenoga (paremiološkog ili neparemiološkog) izraza predstavljajući ga u izravnom govoru i uz parodiranje izravnoga govora; nekonvencionalni odgovor izražava duhovit, razigran, namjerno neprikladan odgovor na izraz sugovornika. Uz prikaz glavnih značajka razmatranih paremioloških vrsta u radu se uspoređuju teorijski modeli značenja s njihovom praktičnom primjenom u dvama mrežnim rječnicima: Rječniku slovenskoga standardnog jezika, treće izdanje (
Slovar slovenskega knjižnega jezika, tretja izdaja – eSSKJ
) i Rječniku poslovica i sličnih paremioloških izraza (
Slovar pregovorov in sorodnih paremioloških izrazov – SPP
) – paremiološkomu rječniku suvremenoga slovenskog jezika. U radu se navode konkretni primjeri objašnjenja značenja te primjeri njihove uporabe.
The work presents the set of the 300 most well-known and most frequent proverbs, sayings and similar paremiological units in modern Slovene, its theoretical and methodological basis and also how it ...can be used in different phraseological and phraseographical tasks. The concept of the paremiological optimum was developed by Ďurčo and it combines the concept of the Permjakov’s paremiological minimum of the most well-known units with corpus-based and frequency-oriented analyses. 316 Slovene speakers were included in the sociolinguistic test and the top list of the 300 most well-known out of 918 units presented to them was additionally arranged according to their frequency in the FidaPLUS language corpus. Author presents different search procedures which he used in the language corpora. The paremiological optimum is modernized according to the most frequent form of each unit in the Gigafida language corpus. The comparative research of the Slovak and Slovene paremiology based on the paremiological optimum is presented in details. Author also describes how the data he gained can be used in the lexicography.
Dictionary of Proverbs and Similar Paremiological Expressions lists semantically related entries for each paremiological expression, if they have already been included in the dictionary. The article ...first presents the first paremiological dictionary of the Slovenian language, which is being created at The Fran Ramovš Institute of the Slovenian Language (Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts). The first dictionary entries were published on the Fran.si webpage in 2020, and since then new dictionary entries have been added once a year. Currently, 400 paremiological expressions (mostly proverbs but also other) are included in the dictionary. The information on semantically related paremiological expressions shows the connections between synonyms, hypernyms, hyponyms and antonyms. In the analysis, we help ourselves with the typology of semantic relationships presented by Peter Ďurčo. The lexicographical information on semantically related paremiological expressions also provides a connection between (phraseologically fixed) anti-proverbs and proverbs from which these anti-proverbs were created. Similarly, in the dictionary, wellerisms and the expressions from which they were formed are linked. In the article, we touch upon the issue of a wider group of paremiological genres that are created through parody (so-called antiparemias), which Jozef Mlacek pointed out. The special feature of this paremiological dictionary is the display of semantic relationships between phraseological replies that respond to the same or similar stimuli. All the mentioned semantic relationships are shown in the article with concrete paremiological expressions, their explanations of meaning and examples of usage. The article also explains to what degree the display of semantic connections between paremiological expressions affects the choice of paremiological expressions presented in the dictionary.
The article presents the main results of an online survey and corpus research of Slovene paremiological units and discusses how paremiological units of modern origin are gathered. Some practical ...examples of the advantages of an optimum are given. An overview of the top 50 units of the Slovene paremiological optimum and their English equivalents touches upon the question of describing shares of units with a common motivation as “high” or “low”, while a comparison of genetically close languages – Slavic languages in this case – points towards a broader context. The article also discusses how the field of minimum-oriented research can be expanded by taking different socio-linguistic criteria into account. Lastly, it argues that the use of spoken corpora could lead to an even more holistic optimum in the future.
The article investigates unconventional replies and their tar-get statements using various examples from English and five Slavic languages (Slovak, Slovene, Czech, Polish and Russian) and a survey ...conducted among over 400 Slovene and Slovak students. This paremiological genre – a type of phraseological replies – has received little attention in worldwide research to date. We begin by formulating our own definition. Frequent mechanisms for establishing the link between a target statement and an unconventional reply are presented. Two un-conventional replies from English used in internet memes are analysed along with their equivalents in Slavic languages. The initial results of sociolinguistic research we conducted on 20 Slovene and 20 Slovak unconventional replies are presented, with a focus on how respondents interpret dialogues with unconventional replies. A number of new Slovene and Slovak unconventional replies and their variants were collected in the framework of this research, and will need to be analysed in the near future. The conclusion of the article outlines aspects that offer potential for further research on this special type of phraseme and paremiological genre.
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