The study is aimed to explore the relationship between coach-athlete relationship, precompetitive coping and affective states, satisfaction and attainment of achievement goals. A sample of 567 French ...athletes (Mage = 22.10; SD = 5.66; 377 men and 190 women) involved in 75 training groups participated in the study and completed a series of self-report measures in a temporal design with three measure points. Results of multilevel analyses revealed that the coach-athlete dyad (level 2; between-person level of analysis or training groups) and task-oriented coping (level 1; within person level of analysis or individuals) significantly predicted goal attainment (level 1). Moreover, the results of the Sobel test revealed that task-oriented coping (level 1) marginally mediated the relationship between coach-athlete dyad (level 2) and sport satisfaction (level 1). Besides, the coach-athlete dyad (level 1) and Intensity of positive affect (PA) mediated the relationship between coach-athlete dyad and goal attainment. Finally, the coach-athlete dyad (level 1) and Intensity of PA mediated the relationship between coach-athlete dyad and satisfaction (level 1). In conclusion, the display of Coach-Athlete relationship strategies may enhance higher levels of precompetitive task-oriented coping, intensity of PA, goal attainment and satisfaction. Subsequently, coaches and practitioners should focus their training on enhancing coach-athlete relationship as a crucial part of training in order to perform in competitions.
We examined whether a perceived coach's leadership predicted group cohesion and whether group cohesion predicted intensity and direction of positive affect and negative affect experienced during ...competition, sport satisfaction and goal attainment following the completion of a sports competition. A sample of 296 competitive athletes (Mage = 21.61; standard deviation = 6.32) participated in the study and completed a series of self-report questionnaires assessing the aforementioned constructs. A partial least square path modelling approach was used to examine the relationships between the study variables. Results of the structural partial least square path modelling model revealed that: (a) democratic coach behaviour negatively predicted Group Integration Task, (b) authoritarian coach positively predicted Individual Attractions to the Group-Social, and (c) reward positively predicted Group Integration Task. Moreover, partial least square path modelling results also revealed that (a) Individual Attraction to the Group-Task positively predicted the direction of negative affect during competition, (b) authoritarian coach marginally positively predicted Group Social Integration during competition, and (c) Group Social Integration marginally negatively predicted the direction of Negative Affects during competition. Thus, contradicting previous studies, results did not provide evidence of the empowering effect of democratic coach leadership on Group Integration Task. Finally, results provided evidence for the significant relationships between group cohesion and athletes’ competitive outcomes such as affective states experienced during competition.
The study aimed to identify group cohesion profiles in athletes and examine whether athletes from distinct profiles significantly differed in affects and coping in competition. A total of 296 ...competitive athletes participated in the study and completed a series of self-report questionnaires in a temporal design with different measurement points. The athletes completed the questionnaires 2 days before competition, 2 h prior to competition and 2 h after competition. Results from latent profile analysis (LPA) model revealed that three profiles were the most suitable solution: (a) Low group cohesion profile, (b) a mixed group cohesion profile and (c) a high cohesion profile. In particular, (c) athletes from the high group cohesion profile revealed lower scores in intensity of negative affects after the competition, lower precompetitive relaxation, lower precompetitive mental distancing, lower precompetitive mental distraction, lower intracompetitive relaxation, lower intracompetitive logical analysis, lower intracompetitive mental distancing, lower intracompetitive mental distraction and lower intracompetitive disengagement. As a whole, the (b) mixed group cohesion profile revealed the worst combination of the three profiles in terms of coping strategies, which may be a profile at risk of not performing in competition. Thus, it is necessary to understand group cohesion as a multivariate experience for a better comprehension of this phenomenon.
The quaternary barrier InAlGaN is suitable for GaN high‐electron‐mobility transistors (HEMT) power microwave applications. High doping of the semiconductor under the drain and source is a known ...suitable solution to achieve low ohmic contact resistance. However, InAlGaN quaternary alloys require a low thermal budget to avoid indium desorption from the active layer during regrowth and thus deteriorating the barrier. Herein, a selective‐area growth technique at 850 °C by metal–organic vapor‐phase epitaxy (MOVPE) to achieve low contact resistance with respect to temperature constraint is presented. Regrowth temperature and mask geometry are investigated to achieve selectivity and control of the regrowth rate. The use of H2 as carrier gas decomposes the GaN buffer layer and damages the surface, creating material cluster during regrowth. Growth with N2 carrier gas shows nonselective epitaxy, as there are deposits on the entire surface of the dielectric mask. Switching from one carrier gas to another depending on the step in the MOVPE reactor helps to control both the morphology and selectivity. The resulting high doping levels of 8 × 1019 cm−3 lead to a low contact resistance of 0.26 Ω mm.
The regrowth of an ohmic contact at 850 °C by metal–organic vapor‐phase epitaxy is conducted by carrier gas switching techniques to achieve selectivity and homogeneous thickness. A high aperture ratio in the dielectric mask is a key factor to control the growth rate and high doping level. 0.26 Ω mm low contact resistance is obtained.
This research examined the time courses of emotions in sport settings (anxiety, dejection, anger, happiness, excitement) experienced by mountain ultra-marathon (MUM) runners within the month ...following a demanding MUM race and the role of emotional intelligence (EI) in these time courses. A six-wave one-month longitudinal design was used with one measurement point within two days before the race to measure EI and five time points within the month following the race to assess emotions experienced among a sample of 29 runners. Results of multilevel growth curve analyses showed significant linear decreases of dejection and anxiety and a significant linear increase of anger. EI was related to the intercept (level at the end of the MUM race) of happiness, excitement and dejection. Moreover the interaction of EI with time was associated with happiness, excitement and anger. This means that high and low emotional intelligent runners exhibited distinct trajectories of emotional intelligence within the month following the MUM race. Indeed, trait-EI appeared to have a protective role against stress process leading to emotional adjustment within the recovery period following an ultra-endurance event. As such, consultants and coaches could conduct specific program over the sport season designed to enhance trait-EI of MUM runners.
We provide an investigation of the spectroscopic factor of resonance states in
A
=5–8 nuclei, utilizing the Gamow shell model (GSM). Within the GSM, the configuration mixing is taken into account ...exactly with the shell model framework, and the continuum coupling is addressed via the complex-energy Berggren ensemble, which treats bound, resonance, and non-resonant continuum single-particle states on an equal footing. As a result, both the configuration mixing and continuum coupling are meticulously considered in the GSM. We first calculate the low-lying states of helium isotopes and isotones with the GSM, and the results are compared with that of
ab initio
no-core shell model (NCSM) calculations. The results indicate that GSM can reproduce the low-lying resonance states more accurately than the NCSM. Following this, we delve into the spectroscopic factors of the resonance states as computed through both GSM and NCSM, concurrently conducting systematic calculations of overlap functions pertinent to these resonance states. Finally, the calculated overlap function and spectroscopic factor of
6
He(0
1
+
) ⊗
vp
3/2
→
7
He(3/2
1
−
) with GSM are compared with the results from
ab initio
NCSM, variational Monte Carlo, and Green’s function Monte Carlo calculations, as well as available experimental data. The results assert that wave function asymptotes can only be reproduced in GSM, where resonance and continuum coupling are precisely addressed.
This study investigated the time-courses and the relationships between coping, defense mechanisms, emotions and depression considered as key factors in adaptation to ICE (Isolated and Confined ...Extreme) environments. During the space simulation, the Mars-105 experiment, positive emotion decreased significantly and significant positive correlations were found between mature defenses and both positive emotions and Task-Oriented Coping (TOC), as well as between Disengagement-Oriented Coping (DOC) and symptoms of depression. These findings show the impact of space simulation on affective states and the relations of defense to both coping and emotion, which underline the role of these psychological constructs involved in psychological adaptation processes. The results of the present study add insights into the effects of space simulation in order to offer the participants a better selection, preparation and follow-up of these psychological components recognized as essential for adaptation to extreme environments.
•We investigated the psychological components involved in adaptation to ICE environments.•Coping strategies and defense mechanisms are conjointly investigated.•The results add insights into the effects of space analog such as the Mars-105 experiment.•Psychological adaptation processes are crucial for space flights of long-duration.•These findings would contribute to a better selection, preparation and follow-up.
This paper demonstrates the integration of buried-heterostructure (BH) lasers and semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) in a generic photonic foundry platform. The process-flow adaptations ...necessary for their integration with existing building blocks are presented. BH Fabry-Perot lasers fabricated within the platform are fully characterized and compared with shallow-ridge (SR) lasers already available as a standard building block. SR lasers were fabricated on the same wafer sharing the same layer stack. BH lasers showed a reduction in threshold current of 60% and a reduction in thermal resistance of 40%. The full integration is then validated by the characterization of a compact arrayed waveguide grating laser-based transmitter consisting of eight BH-SOAs and a deep-ridge waveguide. A side-mode suppression ratio of up to 57 dB and a linewidth of 1.5 MHz are achieved.
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