•Qualitative approaches to uncovering volunteer motivations are insightful.•Social psychological motivations are expressed more than environmental motivations.•Different demographic groups of ...volunteers prioritize different motivations.•Practitioners can capitalize on motivations to enhance urban landscape conservation.
Urban landscape restoration and conservation initiatives are challenged by financial and other constraints. Consequently, these initiatives are increasingly reliant on volunteer stewards. Knowledge of why people volunteer to restore and conserve urban ecosystems can help practitioners enhance volunteering as a social-ecological process that is mutually beneficial to landscapes and people. We included two open-ended questions about why people volunteer and what they perceive as benefits of volunteering, in a survey of volunteers for urban landscape restoration and conservation in Seattle, WA. Thematic and statistical analyses of volunteer motivations showed that volunteers expressed social psychological motivations more frequently than environmental reasons for volunteering. We also found that volunteers are not a monolithic group. There were statistically significant differences in the frequency of expression of volunteer motivations among respondent demographic segments. For example, women expressed the quest for positive emotions, as a motivation to volunteer, more often than men did. We illustrate how understanding volunteers’ motivations, expressed in their own words and from their own points of reference, can enhance voluntary social-ecological processes that mutually benefit people and urban landscapes.
For scientists, policymakers, and stewards of this earth, it is critical to find ways to recognize human interdependence with life on this planet and live within the boundaries which preserve the ...balance of global systems. In this research, I provide knowledge about stakeholder perspectives on the development of a new biofuels industry in the Pacific Northwest. In order to support constructive policy dialogue and program implementation, policymakers, natural resource managers, and communication specialists need to understand how citizens make sense of and contribute to the discourse surrounding environmental issues. A direct way to gain access to meaningful social perspectives is through examining stakeholders’ social discourse. I used Q-methodology to examine stakeholder discourse and a grounded interpretive mixed methods analysis to examine online discourse on the social media site Twitter. Social discourse is often chaotic and difficult to access for purposes of policy analysis. Q-technique and grounded interpretive approaches are both well-suited to systematically structuring social discourse so it can be useful for policymakers in designing effective policy outcomes. Stakeholders included: farmers and growers; refinery, fuel, and/or energy producers; energy associations; bioenergy companies; labor unions; investment companies; research institutions; and advocacy organizations. In addition, I identified relevant information for policymakers about the biofuels issue public, social discourse, and communication structure found in the Twittersphere. Results from the three studies echo other researchers’ findings that social perspectives surrounding biofuels are quite complex. Findings from the two Q-studies indicate frame flexibility across stakeholders: individual stakeholders held multiple perspectives, and some even held conflicting ones. The overall sentiment of the tweet-based biofuels discourse was largely positive, with 60% of the issue public viewing biofuels positively and 16% viewing them negatively. However, sentiment was mixed for four of the six stakeholder groups. Some of this complexity may be explained by the overarching finding that there are distinct micro-discourses existing within the broader biofuels discourse. Priming any particular aspect of this discourse may influence how stakeholders conceptualize biofuels development issues. Ultimately, this kind of clarity is crucial to facilitating a constructive policy dialogue, rather than one in which people unwittingly speak past each other.
Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma is a carcinoma that arises from a primary or recurrent benign pleomorphic adenoma. The prevalence of epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma is low, and this histological ...type accounting for only 1% of all salivary gland tumors. Here, we report a rare case of Epithelial-Myoepithelial Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma of the parotid gland with a radiologic-pathologic correlation.
The first syntheses of functionalized sila‐adamantanes via site‐selective reactions are described. Mechanistic inquiry into the isomerization of sila‐adamantane revealed new approaches for installing ...halides at the 2‐position of the cluster. Meanwhile, isomerization via Lewis acid catalysts with non‐nucleophilic counteranions provided access to sila‐adamantane on the gram‐scale, enabling us to discover strategies for substituting its 1‐, 3‐, 5‐, and 7‐positions with identical or distinct functional groups. Optical absorbance and density functional theory studies show that σ‐withdrawing substituents at the 1‐position strongly perturb optical absorbance in sila‐adamantane, whereas substituents at the exocyclic and 2‐position are optically inert. As silicon diamondoids are atomically precise models for silicon nanocrystals, our findings suggest that passivation at tertiary surface sites carries an outsized impact on the optical properties of surface‐functionalized Si nanocrystals.
Mechanistic insight into the isomerization synthesis of sila‐adamantane enables the regioselective functionalization of sila‐adamantane at its 1‐, 2‐, 3‐, 5‐, and 7‐positions. Substitution at the 1‐position of the cluster core significantly impacts optical absorbance relative to exocyclic or 2‐substitution.
Denosumab is an anti-bone resorptive drug consisting of complete human monoclonal antibodies that targets receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL), which is responsible for osteoclast ...formation. The drug has been adapted for bone diseases, such as osteoporosis and bone metastasis related to cancer, but is not used for alveolar bone destruction related to periodontitis. In the present study, we aimed to clarify whether denosumab prevents bone destruction associated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced calvaria inflammation and experimental periodontitis in model mice. Denosumab does not bind to mouse RANKL, thus we used anti-mouse monoclonal RANKL antibodies. We also examined the inhibitory effects toward bone destruction of another anti-bone resorptive drug zoledronate, a nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate. Local administration of anti- RANKL antibodies into the calvaria area inhibited LPS-induced osteoclast formation and bone destruction, while zoledronate inhibited bone destruction but not osteoclast formation due to its different action mechanism. In periodontitis model mice, in which the second molars were ligated with a silk suture to induce inflammation, intraperitoneal administration of anti-RANKL antibodies significantly inhibited alveolar bone destruction and tooth root exposure. On the other hand, zoledronate only weakly repressed alveolar bone destruction and failed to inhibit root exposure. These results suggest that denosumab is a promising candidate to prevent alveolar bone destruction associated with periodontitis.
In this volume, Maciej Mikuła analyses the extant texts of the Ius municipale Magdeburgense, the most important collection of Magdeburg Law in late medieval Poland. He discusses the different ...translation traditions of the collection; the application of Magdeburg Law in cities; how differences between the versions could affect the application of the rights; and how the invention of printing influenced the principle of legal certainty. Mikuła ultimately shows that the differences between the texts not only influenced legal practice, but also bear out how complex the process was of the adaptation of Magdeburg Law. Readership: All interested in legal history, late medieval Poland, medieval manuscripts, and the history of printing.
Cohesin regulates gene expression through context-specific chromatin folding mechanisms such as enhancer-promoter looping and topologically associating domain (TAD) formation by cooperating with ...factors such as cohesin loaders and the insulation factor CTCF. We developed a computational workflow to explore how three-dimensional (3D) structure and gene expression are regulated collectively or individually by cohesin and related factors. The main component is CustardPy, by which multi-omics datasets are compared systematically. To validate our methodology, we generated 3D genome, transcriptome, and epigenome data before and after depletion of cohesin and related factors and compared the effects of depletion. We observed diverse effects on the 3D genome and transcriptome, and gene expression changes were correlated with the splitting of TADs caused by cohesin loss. We also observed variations in long-range interactions across TADs, which correlated with their epigenomic states. These computational tools and datasets will be valuable for 3D genome and epigenome studies.
The topic of durable coloration and passivation of metal surfaces using state-of-the-art techniques has gained enormous attention and devotion with unremitting efforts of researchers worldwide. ...Although femtosecond laser marking has been performed on many metals, the related coloration mechanisms are mainly referred to structural colors produced by the interaction of visible light with periodic surface structures. Yet, general quantitative determination of the resulting colors and their origins remain elusive. In this work, we realized quantitative separations of structural colors and compositional pigmentary colors on 301LN austenitic stainless steel surfaces that were treated by femtosecond laser machining. The overall color information was extracted from surface reflectance, with structural color given by numerical simulations, and oxide compositions by chemical state analysis. It was shown that the laser-induced apparent colors of 301LN steel surfaces were combinations of structural and compositional colorations, with the former dominating the angular response and the latter setting up the brownish bases. In addition to the quantification of colors, the analysis method in this work may be useful for the generation and specification of tailored color palettes for practical coloration on metal surfaces by femtosecond laser marking.
Display omitted
•Iridescent colors were successfully generated on 301LN stainless steel surfaces by using femtosecond laser irradiation.•Chemical compositions on steel surface and the resulting colors were calculated by quantitative XPS analysis.•The laser coloration mechanism was confirmed as the combination of structural and compositional colors.
PDF
