Survivin: A molecular biomarker in cancer Jaiswal, Praveen Kumar; Goel, Apul; Mittal, R D
Indian journal of medical research (New Delhi, India : 1994),
04/2015, Letnik:
141, Številka:
4
Journal Article
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Survivin, a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) protein family that inhibits caspases and blocks cell death, is highly expressed in most cancers and is associated with a poor clinical outcome. ...Survivin has consistently been identified by molecular profiling analysis to be associated with high tumour grade cancers, different disease survival and recurrence. Polymorphisms in the survivin gene are emerging as powerful tools to study the biology of the disease and have the potential to be used in disease prognosis and diagnosis. The survivin gene polymorphisms have also been reported to influence tumour aggressiveness as well as survival of cancer patients. The differential expression of survivin in cancer cells compared to normal tissues and its role as a nodal protein in a number of cellular pathways make it a high target for different therapeutics. This review discusses the complex circuitry of survivin in human cancers and gene variants of survivin, and highlights novel therapy that targets this important protein.
In this paper a numerical method is proposed to approximate the solution of the nonlinear Burgers’ equation. The method is based on collocation of modified cubic B-splines over finite elements so ...that we have continuity of the dependent variable and its first two derivatives throughout the solution range. We apply modified cubic B-splines for spatial variable and derivatives which produce a system of first order ordinary differential equations. We solve this system by using SSP-RK43 or SSP-RK54 scheme. This method needs less storage space that causes less accumulation of numerical errors. The numerical approximate solutions to the Burgers’ equation have been computed without transforming the equation and without using the linearization. Illustrative eleven examples are included to demonstrate the validity and applicability of the technique. Easy and economical implementation is the strength of this method.
An immersed boundary method for computing viscous, subsonic compressible flows with complex shaped stationary immersed boundaries is presented. The method employs a ghost-cell technique for imposing ...the boundary conditions on the immersed boundaries. The current approach leads to a sharp representation of the immersed boundaries, a property that is especially useful for flow simulations at high Reynolds numbers. Another unique feature of the method is that it can be applied on Cartesian as well as generalized body non-conformal curvilinear meshes. A mixed second-order central difference-QUICK scheme is used which allows a high degree of control over the numerical damping. A bilinear interpolation scheme used in conjunction with the ghost-cell approach results in second-order global as well as local spatial accuracy. The solver is parallelized for distributed memory platforms using domain decomposition and message passing interface (MPI) and salient features of the parallel algorithm are presented. The accuracy, fidelity and efficiency of the solver are examined by simulating flow past circular cylinders and airfoils and comparing against experimental data and other established results. Finally, we present results from a simulation of wing-tip flow at a relatively high Reynolds number in order to demonstrate the ability of the solver to model complex, non-canonical three-dimensional flows.
Abstract
To advance our understanding of the fuelling and feedback processes which power the Universe’s most massive black holes, we require a significant increase in our knowledge of the molecular ...gas which exists in their immediate surroundings. However, the behaviour of this gas is poorly understood due to the difficulties associated with observing it directly. We report on a survey of 18 brightest cluster galaxies lying in cool cores, from which we detect molecular gas in the core regions of eight via carbon monoxide (CO), cyanide (CN) and silicon monoxide (SiO) absorption lines. These absorption lines are produced by cold molecular gas clouds which lie along the line of sight to the bright continuum sources at the galaxy centres. As such, they can be used to determine many properties of the molecular gas which may go on to fuel supermassive black hole accretion and AGN feedback mechanisms. The absorption regions detected have velocities ranging from −45 to 283 km s−1 relative to the systemic velocity of the galaxy, and have a bias for motion towards the host supermassive black hole. We find that the CN N = 0 − 1 absorption lines are typically 10 times stronger than those of CO J = 0 − 1. This is due to the higher electric dipole moment of the CN molecule, which enhances its absorption strength. In terms of molecular number density CO remains the more prevalent molecule with a ratio of CO/CN ∼10, similar to that of nearby galaxies. Comparison of CO, CN, and H i observations for these systems shows many different combinations of these absorption lines being detected.
In this article, the authors simulate and study dark and bright soliton solutions of 1D and 2D regularized long wave (RLW) models. The RLW model occurred in various fields such as shallow-water ...waves, plasma drift waves, longitudinal dispersive waves in elastic rods, rotating flow down a tube, and the anharmonic lattice and pressure waves in liquid–gas bubble mixtures. First of all, the tanh–coth method is applied to obtain the soliton solutions of RLW equations, and thereafter, the approximation of finite domain interval is done by truncating the infinite domain interval. For computational modeling of the problems, a meshfree method based on local radial basis functions and differential quadrature technique is developed. The meshfree method converts the RLW model into a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs), then the obtained system of ODEs is simulated by the Runge–Kutta method. Further, the stability of the proposed method is discussed by the matrix technique. Finally, in numerical experiments, some problems are considered to check the competence and chastity of the developed method.
Anomalous thermal expansion behaviour of several open frame-work compounds has been extensively investigated using the techniques of inelastic neutron scattering and lattice dynamics. These compounds ...involve increasing level of structural complexity and flexibility, which leads to increased values of thermal expansion coefficients approaching colossal values. In several compounds, neutron inelastic scattering experiments have produced quantitative estimates of the anharmonicity of phonons over a range of low energies, and thereby explained the observed thermal expansion quantitatively. The anharmonicity is found to be an order of magnitude larger than that in usual materials. Lattice dynamical calculations have correctly predicted the observed anharmonicity in the neutron experiments and revealed the overall nature of phonons involved. In compounds showing negative thermal expansion, the phonons responsible have rather low energies up to 10 meV. In most compounds, the anharmonic phonons span all over the Brillouin zone, while in some cases the specific phonons are limited to certain wave-vectors. The nature of specific phonons responsible for anomalous behavior is found to be different in all these compounds. These phonons generally involve transverse vibrations, librations and internal distortions of the polyhedral units. The paper reviews recent advances in the understanding of anomalous thermal expansion behaviour.
During the past few decades, the idea of using differential quadrature methods for numerical solutions of partial differential equations (PDEs) has received much attention throughout the scientific ...community. In this article, we proposed a numerical technique based on polynomial differential quadrature method (PDQM) to find the numerical solutions of two-dimensional sine-Gordon equation with Neumann boundary conditions. The PDQM reduced the problem into a system of second-order linear differential equations. Then, the obtained system is changed into a system of ordinary differential equations and lastly, RK4 method is used to solve the obtained system. Numerical results are obtained for various cases involving line and ring solitons. The numerical results are found to be in good agreement with the exact solutions and the numerical solutions that exist in literature. It is shown that the technique is easy to apply for multidimensional problems.
Reverse supply chains that characterize reuse and recycling remains the primary focus of large businesses in a globalized economy. This article critically examines the environmental and social ...benefits of reuse that would result through systematic interventions in the existing WEEE trade chain in India. There exists an increasing body of scientific evidence documenting the deleterious effects of informal recycling in India. Though formal recycling remains the focus of existing e-waste management systems in developed nations, we argue that alternative systems should be explored by making reuse as a policy instrument through appropriate interventions in the existing disposal practices found in developing nations. We show that prompt reselling of WEEE to other users can potentially go a long way in increasing their lifespan. The study uses a Markov chain model to analyze the underlying relationship that exist within the reverse supply chain partners by quantitatively evaluating the performance measure of different policy scenarios. Finally we discuss the critical factors affecting the reuse business in the context of Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR).
In the present paper, a numerical method is proposed for the numerical solution of a coupled system of viscous Burgers’ equation with appropriate initial and boundary conditions, by using the cubic ...B-spline collocation scheme on the uniform mesh points. The scheme is based on Crank–Nicolson formulation for time integration and cubic B-spline functions for space integration. The method is shown to be unconditionally stable using von-Neumann method. The accuracy of the proposed method is demonstrated by applying it on three test problems. Computed results are depicted graphically and are compared with those already available in the literature. The obtained numerical solutions indicate that the method is reliable and yields results compatible with the exact solutions.
This work offers two radial basis functions (RBFs) based meshfree schemes for the numerical simulation of non-linear extended Fisher–Kolmogorov model. In the development of the first scheme, first of ...all, time derivative is discretized by forward finite difference and then stability and convergence of the semi-discrete model is analyzed in L2 and H02 spaces. After that, RBF-differential quadrature method (RBF–DQM) is applied for fully discretization. Then, the obtained system of algebraic linear equations is solved by Gauss-elimination method. In the second numerical scheme, first RBF–DQM is applied for spatial derivatives approximation and then we obtained a system of nonlinear ODEs. After that, the system of ODEs is solved by RK4 Method. Also, the stability of the scheme is discussed via matrix method. In order to prove the meshfree property of the proposed methods, we considered non-uniform angular and rectangular domains with different radius. In the supporting domain, we used 5,10,15,20 and 25 supporting nodes for each nodes. Six instances of the model are considered to examine the reliability and chastity of the proposed schemes and found accurate results.
•Two meshfree composite numerical schemes for the simulation of non-linear extended Fisher–Kolmogorov model.•For the RBFs based FDM, the semi-discrete problem is analyzed for stability and convergence in L2 and H02 spaces.•The stability analysis of the RBFs based FDM is discussed by matrix method.•The proposed composite schemes are tested on six numerical examples and the results are fully satisfactory.•The non-linear extended Fisher–Kolmogorov model is also solved over angular domain.
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