Multiple studies have found that children born to mothers with opioid or poly-substance use during pregnancy have more behavior and attention problems and lower cognitive functioning than non-exposed ...children. The present study aimed to investigate whether behavior and attention problems are more prominent than general cognitive deficits in this risk group and whether the problems wane or increase over time. This prospective longitudinal cross-informant study compared 72 children who were prenatally exposed to heroin and multiple drugs with a group of 58 children without known prenatal risk factors. Group differences in caregivers' and teachers' reports of the children's behavior and attention problems based on the Child Behavior Check List and the ADHD Rating Scale were compared based on group differences in general cognitive functioning at 4 ½ and 8 ½ years of age. Both parent and teacher reports suggest that the exposed group has significantly more problems in several behavioral areas than the comparison group, particularly with regard to attention problems. The preschool teachers had already reported these problems when the children were 4 ½ years old, whereas the caregivers reported these problems mainly when the children were 8 ½ years old. The group differences in behavioral and attentional problems were not significantly greater and some were even significantly smaller than the group differences in general cognitive abilities. These findings suggest that children subject to prenatally drug exposure have increasing problems in multiple areas related to behavior from preschool age to 8 ½ years but that these problems do not seem to be specific; i.e., they are not more severe than the problems with general cognitive abilities found for this group.
Parenting stress can influence caregiving behavior negatively, which in turn may harm children's development. Identifying precursors of parenting stress, preferably beginning during pregnancy and ...throughout the first year of life, is therefore important. The present study aims to provide novel knowledge on this issue through a detailed examination of the association between maternal attachment style and later parenting stress. Moreover, we examine the role of several additional risk factors, specificially the mothers' own adverse childhood experiences (ACE), as well as infants' temperamental characteristics. Data from a community based longitudinal study of 1,036 Norwegian mothers, collected during pregnancy and 12 months after childbirth, were used. Results showed that attachment style in pregnancy predicted parenting stress 1 year after birth. In addition, it was demonstrated that the mothers' own ACEs predicted postnatal parenting stress, and that attachment style operated as a mediator of this association. A significant association between perceived infant temperament and parenting stress was also found. The study illustrates the importance of understanding the multifactorial antecedents of parenting stress. The results may inform early intervention efforts aimed at supporting mothers and their partners in the potentially difficult transition period around childbirth.
ABSTRACT
This study aimed to explore fathers’ mental health and retrospectively reported adverse childhood experiences during pregnancy, as well as various pathways predicting self‐reported stress at ...6 months’ postpartum as assessed by the Parenting Stress Index (PSI; R.R. Abidin, ). A total of 835 fathers contributed data to the study. Data collection comprised five time points during pregnancy and one at 6 months’ postpartum. The main analyses were performed using linear regression and path analyses. First, linear regression analyses showed that paternal anxiety symptoms during pregnancy predicted stress scores in the PSI child domain at 6 months (coefficient = 0.36). Second, path analyses showed that depressive symptoms during pregnancy predicted parenting stress in the child domain, mediated by spousal disharmony at 6 months’ postpartum (coefficient = 0.77). Third, adverse childhood experiences scores predicted parenting stress in the child domain by two different pathways: one mediated by anxiety symptoms in pregnancy (coefficient = 0.29) and the other by depressive symptoms in pregnancy and experienced spousal disharmony at 6 months’ postpartum (coefficient = 0.77). The findings suggest that fathers’ symptoms of anxiety and depression during pregnancy as well as adverse childhood experiences predict paternal stress and a negative perception of their children's behavior at 6 months’ postpartum.
RESUMEN
El objetivo de este estudio fue explorar la salud mental de papás y experiencias adversas de niñez durante el embarazo, retrospectivamente reportadas, así como también varias trayectorias que predecían el auto‐reportado estrés a los seis meses después del parto tal como se evaluó por el Índice de Estrés de Crianza de Abidin (PSI). Un total de 835 papás aportaron información al estudio. La recolección de datos estuvo compuesta de cinco momentos temporales durante el embarazo y uno a los seis meses después del parto. Los principales análisis se llevaron a cabo usando regresión lineal y análisis de trayectoria. Primero, los análisis de regresión lineal mostraron que los síntomas de ansiedad paterna durante el embarazo predijeron los puntajes de estrés en la sección del niño en el PSI a los seis meses (coeficiente = 0.36). Segundo, los análisis de trayectoria mostraron que los síntomas depresivos durante el embarazo predijeron el estrés de crianza en la sección referente al niño, con mediación de la falta de armonía conyugal a los seis meses después del parto (coeficiente = 0.77). Tercero, los puntajes de experiencias adversas en la niñez predijeron el estrés de crianza en la sección referente al niño por medio de dos diferentes vías: una mediada por los síntomas de ansiedad en el embarazo (coeficiente = 0.29), y la otra por los síntomas depresivos en el embarazo y la experimentada falta de armonía conyugal a los seis meses después del parto (coeficiente = 0.77). Los resultados sugieren que los síntomas de ansiedad y depresión de los papás durante el embarazo así como también las experiencias adversas en la niñez predicen el estrés paterno y una negativa percepción del comportamiento de su niño a los seis meses después del parto.
RÉSUMÉ
Cette étude s'est donné pour but d'explorer la santé mentale des pères et rétrospectivement des expériences adverses de l'enfance durant la grossesse, ainsi que des différents chemins qui prédisent le stress auto‐rapporté à six mois après la naissance, évalué au moyen de l'Index de Stress de Parentage d'Abidin (PSI en anglais). Un total de 835 pères a contribué aux données pour l’étude. Le recueil de données s'est effectué à cinq points durant la grossesse et une fois à six mois après la naissance. Les analyses principales ont été faites en utilisant une régression linéaire et des analyses de pistes causales. Tout d'abord les analyses de régression linéaire ont montré que les symptômes d'anxiété paternelle durant la grossesse prédisaient les scores de stress au domaine de l'enfant PSI à six mois (coefficient = 0,36). Ensuite, les analyses de pistes causales ont montré que les symptômes dépressifs durant la grossesse prédisaient le stress de parentage dans le domaine de l'enfant, influencé par la désharmonie conjugale à six mois après la naissance (coefficient = 0,77). Troisièmement les scores d'expériences adverses durant l'enfance prédisaient le stress de parentage dans le domaine de l'enfant par deux chemins différents : l'un influencé par des symptômes d'anxiété dans la naissance (coefficient = 0,29), et l'autre par les symptômes dépressifs durant la grossesse et la désharmonie conjugale expérimentée à six mois après la naissance (coefficient = 0,77). Les résultats suggèrent que les symptômes d'anxiété et de dépression des pères durant la naissance ainsi que des expériences adverses de l'enfance prédisent le stress paternel ainsi qu'une perception négative du comportement de leurs enfants à six mois après la naissance.
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG
Diese Studie zielte darauf ab, die psychische Gesundheit von Vätern und die retrospektiv berichteten negativen Kindheitserfahrungen während der Schwangerschaft, sowie verschiedene Wege zur Vorhersage von selbstberichtetem Stress sechs Monate nach der Geburt zu untersuchen, die anhand Abidins Eltern‐Belastungs‐Inventar („Parenting Stress Index“, PSI) bewertet wurden. Insgesamt wurden von 835 Vätern Daten zur Studie beigetragen. Die Datenerhebung umfasste fünf Messzeitpunkte während der Schwangerschaft und einen sechs Monate nach der Geburt. Die Hauptanalysen wurden mit Hilfe von linearen Regressions‐ und Pfadanalysen durchgeführt. Erstens zeigten lineare Regressionsanalysen, dass väterliche Angstsymptome während der Schwangerschaft die Belastungswerte in den kindbezogenen Skalen des PSI sechs Monate nach der Geburt vorhersagten (Koeffizient = 0.36). Zweitens zeigten Pfadanalysen, dass depressive Symptome während der Schwangerschaft die elterliche Belastung in den kindbezogenen Skalen vorhersagte, mediiert durch eheliche Disharmonie sechs Monate nach der Geburt (Koeffizient = 0.77). Drittens sagten die negativen Kindheitserfahrungen die elterliche Belastung in den kindbezogenen Skalen über zwei verschiedene Wege vorher: einmal wurde sie mediiert durch Angstsymptome in der Schwangerschaft (Koeffizient = 0.29), und einmal durch depressive Symptome in der Schwangerschaft und erlebte eheliche Disharmonie sechs Monate nach der Geburt (Koeffizient = 0.77). Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass die Angst‐ und Depressionssymptome der Väter während der Schwangerschaft sowie negative Kindheitserfahrungen die väterliche Belastung und eine negative Wahrnehmung des kindlichen Verhaltens sechs Monate nach der Geburt vorhersagen.
抄録
周産期の父親のメンタルヘルスは、生後6か月時点での育児ストレスに関係するのか༟
この研究の目的は、妊娠中の父親のメンタルヘルスと、妊娠中の父親の回想から報告された辛い幼少期体験 ACE を調査することである。またアビディンの親の育児ストレス指標 (Abidin's Parenting Stress Index (PSI)) で査定された、生後 6 か月時点での自己申告ストレスを予測しうる多様な経路を調べることでもある。 総計 835 名の父親がこの研究に協力した。データ収集の回数は、妊娠期間の 5 つのポイントと生後半年の 1 つのポイントから成る。主な分析には線形回帰とパス解析を用いた。第 1 に、線形回帰分析では、妊娠期間中の父親の不安兆候から、6 か月時点の PSI の子どもの特徴に関する領域のストレススコアを予測できることが示された (係数 = 0.36) 。第 2 に、パス解析では、妊娠期間中の鬱の兆候は、出生後 6 か月時点における配偶者との不和の体験につながり、子どもの特徴に関する領域において育児ストレスが予測できることが示された (係数 = 0.77) 。第 3 に、幼少期の辛い体験 ACE スコアでは、 2 つの異なる経路から子どもの特徴に関する領域における育児ストレスが予測された。その 1 つの経路は妊娠期における不安兆候 (係数 = 0.29) 、もう一方の経路は妊娠期における鬱兆候によるもので、出生後 6 か月時点での配偶者との不和 (係数 = 0.77) の体験につながった。これらの結果より、妊娠期における父親の不安や鬱の兆候は、幼少期の辛い体験と同様、生後 6 か月時点での、父親のストレスと子どもの行動へのネガティブな感じ方の予測につながることが示唆された。
摘要
父親的產前心理健康是否與六個月時的養育壓力有關係༟
本研究旨在探討父親的心理健康狀況, 及其回顧性地報告妊娠期間的不良兒童經歷, 通過 Abidin 親職壓力指數 (PSI) 評估, 預測 6 個月時自我報告的壓力的各種途徑。共有 835 名父親提供數據。數據收集包括懷孕期間的五個時間點和產後六個月的一個時間點。主要分析使用線性回歸和路徑分析。首先, 線性回歸分析顯示, 懷孕期間的父親焦慮症狀預測 6 個月時 PSI 兒童領域的壓力評分 (係數 = 0.36) 。其次, 路徑分析顯示, 懷孕期間的抑鬱症狀預測兒童領域的親職壓力, 由產後 6 個月的配偶不和諧中介 (係數 = 0.77) 。第三, 不良童年經歷得分通過兩種不同的途徑, 預測兒童領域的親職壓力:一種是由妊娠期焦慮症狀中介 (係數 = 0.29) , 另一種是由妊娠期抑鬱症狀和產後六個月配偶不和諧經歷中介 (係數 = 0.77) 。研究結果表明, 父親在母親懷孕期間的焦慮和抑鬱症狀及不良的童年經歷, 可以預測父親的壓力以及對孩子 6 個月時行為的負面看法。
ملخص
هل الصحة النفسية للآباء قبل الولادة لها علاقة بإجهاد الرعاية الوالدية عند عمر ستة أشهر ؟
تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى البحث في الصحة النفسية للآباء والإبلاغ باثر رجعي عن تجارب الطفولة السلبية في فترة الحمل ، فضلا عن المسارات المختلفة التي تتنبا بالإجهاد المبلغ عنه ذاتيا في سته أشهر بعد الولادة ، حسب تقييم مؤشر الإجهاد الوالدي لعابدين (PSI). ساهم 835 من الاباء في بيانات الدراسة. واشتمل جمع البيانات على خمس نقاط زمنيه اثناء الحمل وواحده في سته أشهر بعد الولادة. وأجريت التحاليل الرئيسية باستخدام الانحدار الخطي وتحليل المسار. أولا ، أظهرت تحليلات الانحدار الخطي أن اعراض القلق الأبوي خلال فتره الحمل تنبأت بدرجات الإجهاد في مجال الطفل PSI عند سته أشهر (معامل = 0.36). وثانيا ، أظهرت تحليلات المسار أن اعراض الاكتئاب اثناء الحمل تنبأت بالإجهاد الوالدي في مجال الطفل ، وكان المتغير الوسيط هو التنافر بين الزوجين عند سته أشهر بعد الولادة (المعامل = 0.77). ثالثا ، تجارب الطفولة السلبية تنبأت بالإجهاد الابوي والامومي في مجال الطفل من خلال مسارين مختلفين: واحد بوساطة اعراض القلق في الحمل (معامل = 0.29) ، والاخر من خلال اعراض الاكتئاب في الحمل والتنافر الزوجي في سته أشهر بعد الولادة (المعامل = 0.77). وتشير النتائج إلى ان اعراض القلق والاكتئاب التي يعاني منها الاباء اثناء الحمل وكذلك تجارب الطفولة السلبية تتنبا بالإجهاد الأبوي والتصور السلبي لسلوك أطفالهم عند سته أشهر بعد الولادة.
Inadequate iodine status affects the synthesis of the thyroid hormones and may impair brain development in fetal life. The aim of this study was to explore the association between maternal iodine ...status in pregnancy measured by urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and child neurodevelopment at age 6, 12 and 18 months in a population-based cohort. In total, 1036 families from nine locations in Norway were enrolled in the little in Norway cohort. The present study includes
= 851 mother-child pairs with singleton pregnancies, no use of thyroid medication in pregnancy, no severe genetic disorder, data on exposure (UIC) in pregnancy and developmental outcomes (Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, third edition). Data collection also included general information from questionnaires. We examined associations between UIC (and use of iodine-containing supplements) and repeated measures of developmental outcomes using multivariable mixed models. The median UIC in pregnancy was 78 µg/L (IQR 46⁻130), classified as insufficient iodine intake according to the WHO. Eighteen percent reported use of iodine-containing multisupplements. A UIC below ~100 was associated with reduced receptive (
= 0.025) and expressive language skills (
= 0.002), but not with reduced cognitive or fine- and gross motor skills. Maternal use of iodine-containing supplements was associated with lower gross motor skills (b = -0.18, 95% CI = -0.33, -0.03,
= 0.02), but not with the other outcome measures. In conclusion, an insufficient iodine intake in pregnancy, reflected in a UIC below ~100 µg/L, was associated with lower infant language skills up to 18 months. The use of iodine-containing supplements was not associated with beneficial effects.
There is a growing interest in determining fatty acid reference intervals from pregnancy cohort, especially considering the lack of reference values for pregnant women in the literature and the ...generalized misconception of equating reference intervals for nonpregnant women as equivalent to pregnant women. Seafood and supplements are important dietary sources for the omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 LCPUFA), such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5ω-3), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, 22:55ω-3), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6ω-3). Sufficient intake of EPA and DHA is vital during pregnancy for the development of the fetus, as well as for maintaining adequate levels for the mother. This study describes the fatty acid status and suggests reference values and cut-offs for fatty acids in red blood cells (RBC) from pregnant women (
= 247). An electronic food frequency questionnaire (e-FFQ) mapped the dietary habits of the participants, and gas chromatography was used to determine the fatty acid levels in RBC. The association between e-FFQ variables and fatty acid concentrations was established using a principal component analysis (PCA). Twenty-nine-point-one percent (29.1%) of the participants reported eating seafood as dinner according to the Norwegian recommendations, and they added in their diet as well a high percentage (76.9%) intake of ω-3 supplements. The concentration levels of fatty acids in RBC were in agreement with those reported in similar populations from different countries. The reference interval 2.5/97.5 percentiles for EPA, DPA, DHA were 0.23/2.12, 0.56/2.80, 3.76/10.12 in relative concentration units (%), and 5.99/51.25, 11.08/61.97, 64.25/218.08 in absolute concentration units (µg/g), respectively. The number of participants and their selection from all over Norway vouch for the representativeness of the study and the validity of the proposed reference values, and therefore, the study may be a useful tool when studying associations between fatty acid status and health outcome in future studies. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first PCA study reporting a direct association between ω-3 LCPUFA and intake of seafood and ω-3 supplements in a pregnancy cohort.
Iodine sufficiency is particularly important in pregnancy, where median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) in the range of 150⁻250 µg/L indicates adequate iodine status. The aims of this study were ...to determine UIC and assess if dietary and maternal characteristics influence the iodine status in pregnant Norwegian women. The study comprises a cross-sectional population-based prospective cohort of pregnant women (Little in Norway (LiN)). Median UIC in 954 urine samples was 85 µg/L and 78.4% of the samples (
= 748) were ≤150 µg/L. 23.2% (
= 221) of the samples were ≤50 µg/L and 5.2% (
= 50) were above the requirements of iodine intake (>250 µg/L). Frequent iodine-supplement users (
= 144) had significantly higher UIC (120 µg/L) than non-frequent users (75 µg/L). Frequent milk and dairy product consumers (4⁻9 portions/day) had significantly higher UIC (99 µg/L) than women consuming 0⁻1 portion/day (57 µg/L) or 2⁻3 portions/day (83 µg/L). Women living in mid-Norway (
= 255) had lowest UIC (72 µg/L). In conclusion, this study shows that the diet of the pregnant women did not necessarily secure a sufficient iodine intake. There is an urgent need for public health strategies to secure adequate iodine nutrition among pregnant women in Norway.
Parental bonding to their infant is important for healthy parent-infant interaction and infant development. Characteristics in the parents affect how they bond to their newborn. Parental cognitions ...such as repetitive negative thinking, a thinking style associated with mental health issues, and cognitive dispositions, e.g., mood-congruent attentional bias or negative implicit attitudes to infants, might affect bonding.
To assess the influence of cognitive factors on bonding, 350 participants (220 pregnant women and their partners) were recruited over two years by midwives at the hospital and in the communal health care services. Participants were followed throughout the pregnancy and until the infant was seven months old as a part of the Northern Babies Longitudinal Study. Both mothers and fathers took part. First, we measured demographics, repetitive negative thinking, attentional bias, and implicit attitudes to infants during pregnancy, as predictors of bonding two months postnatally. Second, we also measured infant regulatory problems, and depressive symptoms at two months postnatally as predictors of parents’ perception of infant temperament at five months. Robust regression analyses were performed to test hypotheses.
Results showed that mothers and fathers differed on several variables. Parity was beneficial for bonding in mothers but not for fathers. Higher levels of mothers’ repetitive negative thinking during pregnancy predicted weaker bonding, which was a non-significant trend in fathers. For fathers, higher education predicted weaker bonding, but not for mothers. Mothers’ perception of their infant temperament at five months was significantly affected by bonding at two months, but for fathers, their depressive symptoms were the only significant predictor of perceived infant temperament.
In conclusion, for mothers, their relationship with their infant is essential for how they experience their infant, while for fathers their own wellbeing might be the most important factor. Health care providers should screen parents’ thoughts and emotions already during pregnancy to help facilitate optimal bonding.
Depression has been linked to an imbalance in cortisol. Until recently, cortisol has been studied by measuring concentrations at single time points in blood or saliva samples. Cortisol concentrations ...vary with circadian rhythm and experiences, from time point to time point. The measurement of hair cortisol concentration (HCC) is a new method of accessing mean, long-term cortisol concentrations. Recent studies show positive associations between depression and HCC, and prenatal maternal cortisol is thought to influence the developing fetus. We therefore examined the association between HCC and self-reported symptoms of depression in second trimester pregnant women. Participants were 181 women, recruited between September 2011 and October 2013 to the Little-in-Norway (LiN)-study. These women answered the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Rating Scale (EPDS) on self-reported symptoms of depression, and one cm maternal scalp hair was collected and analyzed for cortisol concentrations. Multiple regression analyses did not show depressive symptoms as a predictor for HCC in our selection of pregnant women, while gestational age was significantly related. In conclusion, our study indicated that symptoms of depression during pregnancy did not predict HCC, but further studies of clinically depressed, pregnant women using gestational age as an adjustment variable are warranted.
ABSTRACT
This study investigates whether fathers’ adverse childhood experiences (ACE) and attachment style reported during pregnancy predict fathers’ perception of child behavior assessed 12 months ...postpartum, expressed by the Parenting Stress Index (PSI), Child Domain. Prospective fathers (N = 835) were recruited to “The Little in Norway (LiN) study” (Moe & Smith) at nine well‐baby clinics in Norway, with data collection composed of five time points during pregnancy and two time points postpartum (6 and 12 months). The main analyses included linear regression, path‐analysis modeling, and intraclass correlation based on mixed effects modeling. First, linear regression analyses showed that neither fathers’ ACE nor attachment style significantly predicted perceived child behavior postpartum directly. Furthermore, path analyses showed that ACE and less secure attachment style (especially avoidant attachment) measured early in pregnancy strongly predicted negatively perceived child behavior, mediated by fathers’ mental health symptoms during pregnancy and partner disharmony postpartum. Second, intraclass correlation analyses showed that fathers’ perceived child behavior showed substantial stability between 6 and 12 months postpartum. Family interventions beginning in pregnancy may be most beneficial given that fathers’ early experiences and perceptions of attachment in pregnancy were associated with later partner disharmony and stress.
RESUMEN
Este estudio investiga si las experiencias adversas de los papás en su niñez y el estilo de afectividad reportado durante el embarazo predicen las percepciones de los papás sobre el comportamiento del niño según evaluación a los 12 meses después del parto, expresada por el Índice de Estrés de Crianza (PSI), Ámbito del Niño. Los papás con la posibilidad de participar (N = 835) fueron reclutados para el “estudio El Pequeño en Noruega (LiN)” (Moe y Smith, 2010) en nueve clínicas de revisión pediátrica en Noruega, con un proceso de recoger información compuesto de cinco momentos temporales durante el embarazo y dos momentos después del parto (6 y 12 meses). Los análisis principales incluyeron regresión lineal, diseños de análisis de trayectoria y correlación intraclase basados en diseños de efectos mixtos. Primero, los análisis de regresión lineal mostraron que ni las experiencias adversas de los papás en su niñez ni el estilo de afectividad predijeron significativamente la percepción del comportamiento del niño posterior al parto directamente. Es más, los análisis de trayectoria mostraron que las experiencias adversas en la niñez y un menos seguro estilo de afectividad (especialmente la afectividad esquiva) tal como fueron medidos a principios del embarazo predijeron fuertemente la percepción negativa del comportamiento del niño, todo lo cual fue mediado por los síntomas de salud mental de los papás durante el embarazo y la desarmonía de la pareja después del parto. Segundo, los análisis de correlación intraclase mostraron que la percepción que tenían los papás acerca del comportamiento del niño mostraba una estabilidad sustancial entre los 6 y 12 meses después del parto. Las intervenciones familiares que comienzan durante el embarazo pudieran ser más beneficiosas dado que las tempranas experiencias de los papás y sus percepciones de la afectividad durante el embarazo se asociaron con la posterior desarmonía y estrés de la pareja.
RÉSUMÉ
Cette étude s'est interrogée si les expériences adverses de l'enfance des pères et le style d'attachement rapporté durant la grossesse prédisait la perception des pères du comportement de l'enfant évalué 12 mois après la naissance, exprimé par l'Index de Stress de Parentage (en anglais PSI), le Domaine de l'Enfant. Des pères potentiels (N = 835) ont été recruté pour l’étude norvégienne “The Little in Norway (LiN) study” (Moe & Smith, 2010) dans neuf cliniques de bien‐être du bébé en Norvège, avec un recueil de données comprenant cinq points de recueil durant la grossesse et deux après la grossesse (6 et 12 mois). Les analyses principales ont inclus une régression linéaire, une modélisation de l'analyse des trajectoires et une corrélation intraclasse basée sur une modélisation des effets mixtes. Tout d'abord, les analyses de régression linéaires ont montré que ni les expériences adverses vécues par les pères durant leur enfance ni le style d'attachement ne prédisait directement de façon importante le comportement de l'enfant perçu après la naissance. De plus les analyses de parcours ont montré que les expériences adverses vécues pendant l'enfance et le style d'attachement moins sécure (particulièrement l'attachement évitant) mesurés tôt dans la grossesse prédisaient fortement le comportement de l'enfant perçu négativement, médié par les symptômes de santé mentale des pères durant la grossesse et la discorde entre partenaires après la naissance. Deuxièmement les analyses de corrélation intraclasse ont montré que le comportement de l'enfant perçu des pères faisait preuve de stabilité substantielle entre 6 et 12 mois après la naissance. Des interventions sur la famille commençant durant la grossesse peuvent être plus bénéfiques au vu des expériences vécues des pères et les perceptions de l'attachement durant la grossesse étaient liées à la discorde ultérieure entre les partenaires et au stress.
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG
Die Auswirkung väterlicher Vorerfahrungen auf die Wahrnehmung des Verhaltens 12 Monate alter Kinder
In dieser Studie wurde untersucht, ob während der Schwangerschaft erhobene, aversive Kindheitserfahrungen und Bindungsstile des Vaters die väterliche Wahrnehmung des kindlichen Verhaltens vorhersagen können, die 12 Monate nach der Geburt durch den Parenting Stress Index (PSI) (Child Domain) gemessen wurden. N = 835 werdende Väter wurden in neun Well‐Baby‐Kliniken in Norwegen für die Studie „The Little in Norway (LiN)“ (Moe & Smith, 2010) angeworben. Die Datenerhebung umfasste fünf Zeitpunkte während der Schwangerschaft und zwei Zeitpunkte nach der Geburt (6 und 12 Monate). Die Hauptanalysen bestanden aus linearer Regression, Pfadanalysemodellierung und Intraclass‐Korrelationen, basierend auf Mixed‐Effects‐Modellierung. Die linearen Regressionsanalysen zeigten, dass weder die aversiven Kindheitserfahrungen der Väter noch der Bindungsstil die Wahrnehmung des kindlichen Verhaltens unmittelbar nach der Geburt signifikant vorhersagten. Darüber hinaus zeigten Pfadanalysen, dass die zu Schwangerschaftsbeginn erhobenen, aversiven Kindheitserfahrungen und weniger sicheren Bindungsstile des Vaters (insbesondere vermeidende Bindung) negativ wahrgenommenes kindliches Verhalten vorhersagen konnten, mediiert durch psychische Symptome des Vaters während der Schwangerschaft und die Disharmonie in der Partnerschaft nach der Geburt. Die Intraclass‐Korrelationsanalysen zeigten, dass die väterliche Wahrnehmung des kindlichen Verhaltens zwischen 6 und 12 Monaten nach der Geburt eine erhebliche Stabilität aufwies. Bereits in der Schwangerschaft beginnende Familieninterventionen könnten einen positiven Effekt haben, da frühe Erfahrungen und die Bindungswahrnehmung des Vaters in der Schwangerschaft mit späterer Disharmonie und Stress in Verbindung gebracht werden konnten.
抄録
ヶ月児の行動に関する父親の認識に影響を及ぼす早期の原因
本研究では、妊娠中に報告された父親の逆境的な子ども時代の体験とアタッチメントのスタイルが、産後12か月時に実施された育児ストレスインデックス(PSI)の子どもの側面に表れた子どもの行動に関する父親の認識を予測できるかどうかについて調査した。父親になろうとしている人たち (N = 835) が、ノルウェーの9か所の育児相談において妊娠中5回と出産後2回(6ヶ月と 12ヶ月)にデータを収集した「リトル・イン・ノルウェー(LiN)研究」(Moe & Smith, 2010)の対象とされた。 おもな分析は、線形回帰分析、経路分析モデルと混合効果モデルを基にした級内相関を行った。第一に、線形回帰分析では、父親の逆境的な子ども時代の体験も、アタッチメントのスタイルも直接には出産後の子どもの行動に関する認識を優位に予測するものではないことが示された。さらに、経路分析では、逆境的な子ども時代の体験と妊娠初期測定された不安定なアタッチメントのスタイル(特に回避型アタッチメント) は、妊娠中の父親のメンタルヘルスの症状と出産後のパートナーとの不調和に介在され、子どもの行動を否定的に認識することを非常に強く予測することが示された。第二に、級内相関分析では、子どもの行動に関する父親の認識は、産後6ヶ月と12か月の間では、実質的な安定を示していた。妊娠中に始まる家族への介入は、父親の乳幼児期の体験と妊娠中のアタッチメントの認識が後のパートナーとの不調和とストレスに関係しているということにかなり有益であると思われる。
摘要
本研究旨在探讨怀孕期上报的父亲的童年期不良经历和依恋方式是否能预测产后12个月父亲对儿童行为的感知力, 并以“父母压力指数量表 (PSI)”中的儿童分量表来表达。挪威的九家健康婴儿诊所招募了835名准父亲去参加“挪威儿童 (LiN) 研究” (Moe&Smith, 2010), 并收集了怀孕期间的五个时间点和产后 (6个月和12个月) 两个时间点的数据。本文主要采用了线性回归、路径分析模型以及基于混合效应模型的组内相关来分析这些数据。首先, 线性回归分析显示, 父亲的童年期不良经历和依恋方式对产后的儿童行为感知力均无直接预测作用。此外, 路径分析显示, 怀孕初期父亲的童年期不良经历和较不安全的依恋方式 (尤其是回避型依恋) 显著预测了其迟钝的儿童行为感知力, 这是由怀孕期父亲的心理健康状态和产后伴侣不和谐引起的。其次, 组内相关分析显示, 在产后6到12个月, 父亲的儿童行为感知力表现出显著的稳定性。鉴于怀孕期间父亲的早期经历和对依恋的感知力都与产后伴侣的不和谐及压力有关, 因此从怀孕开始就进行家庭干预可能是最为有益的。
ملخص
سوابق تصور الآباء للسلوك الطفولي في عمر 12 شهرا
ملخص
تبحث هذه الدراسة ما إذا كانت تجارب الطفولة السلبية للآباء وأسلوب التعلق المبلغ عنه أثناء الحمل تتنبأ بتصور الآباء لسلوك الطفل عند تقييمه بعد 12 شهر من الولادة ، وفقا لمؤشر الإجهاد الأبوي (PSI) ، مجال الطفل. تم تعيين الآباء المحتملين (N = 835) للمشاركة في الدراسة التي كان عنوانها “الصغير في النرويج LiN” التي أجراها (مو و سميث 2010(في تسع عيادات أطفال في النرويج ، مع جمع البيانات من خمس نقاط زمنية أثناء الحمل ونقطتين زمنيتين بعد الولادة (6 و 12 شهرًا). وشملت التحليلات الرئيسية الانحدار الخطي، ونمذجة تحليل المسارات، والارتباط داخل الفئات على أساس نمذجة الآثار المختلطة. أولاً، أظهرت تحليلات الانحدار الخطي أن تجارب الطفولة السلبية للآباء أو أسلوب التعلق لم يتنبأ بشكل كبير بسلوك الطفل المتصور بعد الولادة مباشرة. وعلاوة على ذلك، أظهرت تحليلات المسار أن تجارب الطفولة السلبية وأسلوب التعلق الأقل أمانا (وخاصة التعلق المتجنب الذي تم قياسه في وقت مبكر من الحمل تنبأ بشدة بالتصور السلبي لسلوك الطفل ، وتدخلت في ذلك متغيرات وسيطة أخرى مثل أعراض صحة الآباء النفسية أثناء الحمل وعدم التوافق بين الزوجين بعد الولادة. ثانياً، أظهرت تحليلات الارتباط أن تصور الآباء لسلوك الطفل أظهر استقراراً كبيراً بين 6 إلى 12 شهراً بعد الولادة. قد تكون التدخلات الأسرية التي تبدأ في الحمل مفيدة للغاية نظرًا لأن تجارب الآباء المبكرة وتصوراتهم للتعلق أثناء الحمل ارتبطت في وقت لاحق بتنافر الزوجين والإجهاد العصبي.
Women with bipolar disorder (BD) have a high risk of illness relapse postpartum. The risk coincides with the period when mother-infant interactions are evolving. We compared mother-infant ...interactions in dyads where the mothers have BD with dyads where the mothers have no mental disorder. The association between concurrent affective symptoms of BD mothers and interaction quality was investigated.
Twenty-six women with BD and 30 comparison women with infants were included. The Parent-Child Early Relational Assessment (PCERA) was used to assess maternal behaviour, infant behaviour and dyadic coordination in interactions at 3 months postpartum. The Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology and Young Mania Rating Scale were used to assess affective symptoms of BD mothers at the time of interaction.
There were significant group differences with medium to large effect sizes (0.73-1.32) on five of six subscales within the three interactional domains. Most interactional concerns were identified in dyadic coordination. No significant associations were found between maternal symptom load and interaction quality within the BD sample. Forty-six percent of the BD mothers experienced a mood episode within 0-3 months postpartum.
The present study identified challenges for mothers with BD and their infants in "finding" each other in interaction at 3 months postpartum. If sustained, this interaction pattern may have a long-term impact on children's development. We suggest interventions specifically focusing on sensitising and supporting mothers to read infants' cues on a micro-level. This may help them to respond contingently and improve dyadic coordination and synchronicity.
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