Although advocates of mixed-methods research have proposed pragmatism as a paradigm for social research, nearly all of that work has emphasized the practical rather than the philosophical aspects of ...pragmatism. This article addresses that gap by connecting John Dewey’s work on experience and inquiry to current issues in the study of social research. In doing so, it also addresses the political concerns that link pragmatism and social justice. As a new paradigm, pragmatism disrupts the assumptions of older approaches based on the philosophy of knowledge, while providing promising new directions for understanding the nature of social research.
The surface chemistry of carbon materials is predominantly explored using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). However, many published papers have critical failures in the published analysis, ...stemming from an ill-informed approach to analyzing the spectroscopic data. Herein, a discussion on lineshapes and changes in the spectral envelope of predominantly graphitic materials are explored, together with the use of the D-parameter, to ascertain graphitic content, using this information to highlight a simple and logical approach to strengthen confidence in the functionalization derived from the carbon core-level spectra.
"Sacred gaze" denotes any way of seeing that invests its object-an image, a person, a time, a place-with spiritual significance. Drawing from many different fields, David Morgan investigates key ...aspects of vision and imagery in a variety of religious traditions. His lively, innovative book explores how viewers absorb and process religious imagery and how their experience contributes to the social, intellectual, and perceptual construction of reality. Ranging widely from thirteenth-century Japan and eighteenth-century Tibet to contemporary America, Thailand, and Africa,The Sacred Gazediscusses the religious functions of images and the tools viewers use to interpret them. Morgan questions how fear and disgust of images relate to one another and explains how scholars study the long and evolving histories of images as they pass from culture to culture. An intriguing strand of the narrative details how images have helped to shape popular conceptions of gender and masculinity. The opening chapter considers definitions of "visual culture" and how these relate to the traditional practice of art history. Amply illustrated with more than seventy images from diverse religious traditions, this masterful interdisciplinary study provides a comprehensive and accessible resource for everyone interested in how religious images and visual practice order space and time, communicate with the transcendent, and embody forms of communion with the divine.The Sacred Gazeis a vital introduction to the study of the visual culture of religions.
The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) delays mitotic progression when chromosomes are not properly attached to microtubules of the mitotic spindle. Cells vary widely in the extent to which they delay ...mitotic progression upon SAC activation. To explore the mechanisms that determine checkpoint strength in different cells, we systematically measured the mitotic delay induced by microtubule disruption at different stages of embryogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans. Strikingly, we observed a gradual increase in SAC strength after each round of division. Analysis of mutants that alter cell size or ploidy revealed that SAC strength is determined primarily by cell size and the number of kinetochores. These findings provide clear evidence in vivo that the kinetochore-to-cytoplasm ratio determines the strength of the SAC, providing new insights into why cells exhibit such large variations in their SAC responses.
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•In C. elegans embryos, small cells have a stronger spindle assembly checkpoint•Checkpoint strength increases in mutants with small cell size or increased ploidy•The amount of checkpoint-generating kinetochore signal is unaffected by cell size•Checkpoint strength is determined by the ratio of kinetochore signal to cytoplasm
The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) delays mitotic progression when there are unattached kinetochores, but strength of the block varies between cell types. Galli and Morgan show that the kinetochore-to-cytoplasm ratio determines checkpoint strength. During C. elegans embryogenesis, SAC strength increases after each round of division due to decreasing cell size.
Primarily due to its inherent redox chemistry, ceria (CeO
2
) is of use in many diverse areas of research. However, there is a wealth of misinterpretation of the oxygen spectra when discussing the ...result of damage or reduction to the CeO
2
lattice, especially with regard to a signal in this region attributed to oxygen vacancies. In this paper, it is shown that this peak cannot be due to vacancies and that a better understanding of the changes in stoichiometry of CeO
2
is best viewed from that of the Ce(III) component when considered in tandem with the O 1s signal.
The anaphase-promoting complex or cyclosome (APC/C) is a ubiquitin ligase that polyubiquitinates specific substrates at precise times in the cell cycle, thereby triggering the events of late mitosis ...in a strict order. The robust substrate specificity of the APC/C prevents the potentially deleterious degradation of non-APC/C substrates and also averts the cell-cycle errors and genomic instability that could result from mistimed degradation of APC/C targets. The APC/C recognizes short linear sequence motifs, or degrons, on its substrates. The specific and timely modification and degradation of APC/C substrates is likely to be modulated by variations in degron sequence and context. We discuss the extensive affinity, specificity, and selectivity determinants encoded in APC/C degrons, and we describe some of the extrinsic mechanisms that control APC/C-substrate recognition. As an archetype for protein motif-driven regulation of cell function, the APC/C-substrate interaction provides insights into the general properties of post-translational regulatory systems.
Davey and Morgan review our current knowledge of the short linear sequence motifs, or degrons, that mediate specific and selective substrate binding to the ubiquitin ligase APC/C, and they discuss how variations in degron features and extrinsic regulation determine the timing of APC/C substrate degradation in mitosis.
The misinterpretation of peak asymmetry as higher oxidation states in x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is regretfully all too common. This XPS Insight note introduces the theory of peak ...asymmetry in x‐ray photoelectron spectra and such asymmetry is discussed for a range of different classes of materials to afford analysts a more informed view of their spectra.
Obesity is associated with an increased prevalence of psychiatric disorders. The association of bariatric surgery with mental health outcomes is poorly understood.
To investigate the association of ...bariatric surgery with the incidence of outpatient, emergency department (ED), and inpatient mental health service use.
This statewide, mirror-image, longitudinal cohort study used data from Western Australian Department of Health Data Linkage Branch records from all patients undergoing index (ie, first) bariatric surgery in Western Australia over a 10-year period (January 2007-December 2016), with mean (SD) follow-up periods of 10.2 (2.9) years before and 5.2 (2.9) years after index bariatric surgery. The data analysis was performed between November 2018 and March 2019.
Index bariatric surgery.
The incidence and predictors for mental health presentations, deliberate self-harm, and suicide in association with the timing of bariatric surgery.
A total of 24 766 patients underwent index bariatric surgery; of these, the mean (SD) age was 42.5 (11.7) years and 19 144 (77.3%) were women. Use of at least 1 mental health service occurred in 3976 patients (16.1%), with 1401 patients (35.2%) presenting only before surgery, 1025 (25.8%) presenting before and after surgery, and 1550 patients (39.0%) presenting only after surgery. There was an increase in psychiatric illness presentations after bariatric surgery (outpatient clinic attendance: incidence rate ratio IRR, 2.3; 95% CI, 2.3-2.4; ED attendance: IRR, 3.0; 95% CI, 2.8-3.2; psychiatric hospitalization: IRR, 3.0; 95% CI, 2.8-3.1). There was also a 5-fold increase in deliberate self-harm presentations to an ED after surgery (IRR, 4.7; 95% CI, 3.8-5.7), with 25 of 261 postoperatives deaths (9.6%) due to suicide. Complications after bariatric surgery requiring further surgical intervention and a history of mental health service provision before surgery were the most important associations with subsequent mental health presentations after surgery. Deliberate self-harm and mental and behavioral disorders due to psychoactive substance use before bariatric surgery were the main associations with subsequent deliberate self-harm or suicide after surgery.
We observed an increase in mental health service presentations after bariatric surgery, particularly among those who had prior psychiatric illnesses or developed surgical complications requiring further surgery. These findings caution the hypothesis that weight reduction by bariatric surgery will improve mental health in patients with obesity.
Standard X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis is thought of by many as a non‐destructive form of analysis; however, both the interaction of the X‐ray photons and the subsequent electron ...cascade can cause significant changes to the analysed area. This XPS Insights paper gives a brief overview to this phenomenon, supported by specific examples and experimental advice to assess and minimise damage during analysis.
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