The urban and landscape professions of the 21st century are developing diverse theoretical and practical models that they apply in solving the problems of the modern city. One of these models is ...landscape urbanism, which can be understood as a newer way of looking at the city and its infrastructure again, incorporating the relationship between the city and nature, and ecological and landscape principles into its fundamental core. In a theoretical but also a practical sense, it suggests new modalities that are considered to be able to contribute to the current problems of modern cities, especially those related to the ecology of the city. By reviewing the development stages, methodological framework and practical applications, this paper determines the potentials and limitations of the concept of landscape urbanism and suggests modalities of application in the modern city.
Rad analizira kvantitativnu i kvalitativnu prilagodbu hotela u Hrvatskoj recentnim promjenama u turizmu. Opseg prilagodbi analiziran je na temelju podataka o kategoriziranim hotelima Ministarstva ...turizma Republike Hrvatske. Analizirana je promjena broja kategoriziranih hotelskih soba od 1* do 5* u razdoblju od 2005. do 2017. godine i promjena broja kategoriziranih hotela od 1* do 5* u razdoblju od 2005. do 2017. godine. Istraživanje je potvrdilo povećanje broja hotela i broja hotelskih soba visokih smještajnih kategorija te dominantan prijelaz hotela iz kategorije 3* u kategoriju 4*. Rad se osvrće na arhitektonske zahvate koji su posljedica promjena u kategoriji hotela analizom primjera hotelskih zgrada u uvali Čikat.
This paper analyzes quantitative and qualitative adaptation of hotels in Croatia to recent changes in tourism industry. The scope of alterations has been analyzed on the basis of the data about the categorized hotels provided by the Ministry of Tourism of the Republic of Croatia. The analysis has taken into account changes in the number of the categorized hotel rooms (from 1* to 5*) and in the number of the categorized hotels (1* to 5*) between 2005 and 2017. The research has confirmed an increase in the number of hotels and hotel rooms in high accommodation categories and the prevailing transition of hotels from the 3* category to the 4* category. The paper looks into the architectural interventions by analyzing the hotel buildings in the Čikat cove.
Hotelska se izgradnja tijekom životnoga ciklusa periodički prilagođava trajno promjenjivim zahtjevima u turizmu. Zastarijevanje uzrokuju promjene u sociološkim i tehnološkim zahtjevima. Arhitektonske ...promjene kojima je podložna hotelska izgradnja analizirane su na primjeru dvokrevetne sobe koja je obično osnovna gradbena jedinica hotela. Rad dokazuje promjenu u sociološkim zahtjevima kao dominantan zahtjev koji utječe na arhitektonsku promjenu u smještajnom dijelu hotela. Studija je polazište za daljnje istraživanje arhitektonskih modela hotelskih zgrada prilagodljivih promjenjivim zahtjevima u turizmu.
Hotels are periodically adapted to permanently changing requirements in tourism over their life cycle. Obsolescence is caused by changes in sociological and technological requirements. The research of architectural changes affecting hotel building was conducted on double room as it is a basic structural module for the entire hotel building. It was conducted on the data taken from the Croatian regulations on minimum spatial and technical standards for hotel categorization in period from 1957 to 2016. The research confirmed the change in sociological requirements as a dominant requirement influencing architectural change in the accommodation area of a hotel.
The paper explores the possibilities of the structural and functional transformation of blocks in the historical center of Zagreb as a part of modernization after many years of neglect as well as ...earthquakes in 2020. The research aims to determine how the existing block tissue corresponds with the needs of today’s residents and the possibility of its improvement. The historical circumstances in which the blocks were formed and underwent the most significant changes and modern processes that affect the state and value are determined. There is a special focus on the interior of the block (courtyards), as well as on the spaces on the ground floors of street facades, where numerous, unexplored changes can be observed. The findings provide starting points for desirable structural–functional transformations of blocks and stem from the synthesis and interpretation of knowledge from four interrelated parts of the research. The characteristics of blocks have changed during city development stages, as depicted by an analysis and graphic interpretation of historical maps and urban plans (1864–2021). Influences of modern processes on changes of the city are determined on the basis of the synthesis of previous research from different interdisciplinary points of view; a detailed analysis of the structural–functional changes is conducted on the example of three selected blocks. Transformation models for three selected blocks are proposed.
Analizom važnijih međunarodnih dokumenata o načelima prostornog planiranja i turizma istražuju se teorijska i pravna polazišta za uključivanje problematike turizma u prostorno planiranje. Postoje ...zajednički ciljevi koji su prisutni u većini dokumenata te pojedinačni ciljevi koji su tematski prisutni u pojedinim dokumentima. Naglašava se potreba unaprjeđenja postojećih i razvoja novih metoda prostornog planiranja kako bi se uskladili ciljevi suvremenoga društvenog i gospodarskog razvoja sa zaštitom prostora kao primarnoga turističkog resursa.
U radu se prikazuje sustavni prikaz razvoja koncepta nosivosti, dosadašnja znanstvena istraživanja te istaknuta metodološka stajališta u smislu definiranja i ocjenjivanja nosivosti - sve u svrhu ...određivanja odnosa između koncepta nosivosti i prostornog planiranja. Postavlja se teza turističke nosivosti (jedne od tematskih razvojnih grana nosivosti) kao aktivne prostornoplanerske metode za planiranje, kontrolu i ocjenjivanje turističke aktivnosti.
U članku je analizirano 20 suvremenih primjera prenamjene i sanacije kamenoloma u svijetu i kod nas. Njihovom usporedbom, prema utvrđenim osnovnim obilježjima, ponuđena su četiri moguća modela ...oporavka pejsaža i određene osnovne smjernice za odabir modela prilikom saniranja napuštenih kamenoloma.
The research on the adaptation of hotel facilities to recent changes in tourism industry relies on the historical development of the latter. Modern tourism began in the mid-19th century when travel ...became a form of leisure activity among the members of the upper social classes. Since the early 20th century, tourism has become widely accessible to people from all walks of life. After World War II, as tourism became widely accessible to all social classes, it had to adapt to the general public. The period of a continuous economic growth ended in the 1970s. The next decade saw the development of tourism targeted specifically towards different groups of people with emphasis on active holidays. By the end of the 20th century, the advent of the Internet and digital technology played a major role in the development of a new form of tourism adapted to individual needs of each tourist. Specific features of the hotel facilities construction are studied in the context of tourism development. The first hotel buildings were built during the 19th century and in the early 20th century. They were designed as urban palaces intended for wealthier social classes. In the early 20th century the American entrepreneur E.M. Statler established a hotel chain and introduced standards and uniformity in his hotel buildings. In the wake of World War II this concept was introduced in Europe. During the mid-1960s the construction of hotel facilities on a massive scale occurs, most frequently in the manner of centralized planning. The hotel buildings were mostly classified as mid-range service hotel type in terms of their spatial and technical standards. The period of economic growth ended in the 1970s, while architecture was marked by the advent of Post-modernism that called for scenography-related changes. By the beginning of the 21st century the development of the Internet, digital technology, and sharing economy gave rise to a new type of accommodation: privately owned self-catering apartments. Consequently, the hotels are being remodeled and upgraded with an expanded range of products and services and thus moved into a higher accommodation category. The research focusing on the upgrade of the hotels within a hotel rating scheme was conducted on the basis of the hotel classification data collected by the Ministry of Tourism. The study set out to examine changes in the number of categorized hotel rooms ranging from 1* to 5* between 2005 and 2017 and the changes in the number of categorized hotels ranging from 1* to 5* in the same period. The results indicate that 46% of beds out of the total number of beds were categorized as 3* category in 2010 while in 2017 no more than 33% of beds were found in this category. In 2010, 32% of beds out of the total number of beds were in the 4* category while in 2017 they increased to 47%. The research confirmed an upgrade of the hotels from 3* category to 4* category. By comparing data about the overall increase in the number of beds relative to the overall increase in the number of hotels, the analysis has confirmed that the new hotels are relatively small. The results were checked against a comparative analysis of the individual hotels categorized in Istria County, published by the Croatian Ministry of Tourism. A comparison was drawn between the categories in November 2018 and 2004. An analysis was carried out regarding changes in the number of beds per category from 1* to 5* and in the number of hotels per category from 1* to 5*. A controlled survey conducted on the individual hotels in Istria County confirmed the results of a survey conducted on the basis of the given statistical data. 53% of the total number of beds and 33% of the total number of hotels were advanced to a higher category in the period between 2004 and 2018. Of the total number of advanced category transitions, 64% of cases account for a transition from 3* to 4* category in terms of the number of beds and 57% in terms of the number of hotels. Individual analysis has revealed that the new large hotels in high accommodation categories were built mostly on the sites of the demolished 2* hotels. Researching has shown an increase in the hotels within high accommodation categories and the number of beds in them. Transition of a hotel to a higher accommodation category is possible only on condition that a hotel building fulfills minimum spatial and technical requirements for a particular category specified in the set of regulations laid down by national hotel rating system. The majority of the hotels built in the 1960s and 1970s in Croatia were fully adapted to the requirements of tourism industry at the time, typically profiled against a background of the middle class public. The adaptation of an individual hotel building to the requirements of the 21st century tourism may not be effectively performed without radical spatial and functional transformation as it is clearly illustrated with the example of Cikat Cove on Mali Losinj island. The hotel facilities built on a massive scale during the 1960s and 1970s transformed the landscape. Those building projects were, however, preceded by a wide range of professional and scientific studies as well as a clear strategic and legislative framework. At the beginning of the 21st century, many of the existing hotel buildings underwent adaptation process that gradually led to a fundamental transformation of the entire hotel industry asset. In view of the fact that these projects have not been systematically carried out, the whole transformation process has remained somewhat publicly unrecognized in a situation of a total submission to neoliberal capitalism. In these social circumstances, the imposition of a strict implementation framework is not acceptable. Therefore, an adequate approach to the existing hotel buildings can only be developed within the framework of architectural profession. It should be primarily based on education in terms of an appropriate approach to the evaluation of the existing buildings and subsequent adoption of high-quality design solutions.
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