En este artículo se analizan algunas de las dificultades que en la práctica de investigación se han identificado en dos espacios rurales en los estados de Oaxaca y Tabasco en México, y se exponen los ...múltiples desafíos que el investigador debe afrontar, especialmente en relación con los conceptos de colaboración e intervención durante el trabajo que realiza. Si bien este se basa en tareas específicas de indagación y colaboración, suele haber acciones de desarrollo ajenas al entorno comunitario, que incluso no son clara o conscientemente percibidas por los actores protagonistas. Es así que el objetivo de esta presentación es reflexionar sobre la práctica investigativa colaborativa, exponiendo los aciertos y desaciertos del proceso. El concepto de intervención social se asocia con el de investigación colaborativa, en tanto que ambos pretenden poner en el centro de la participación a los sujetos, sin embargo es necesario delimitar las implicaciones de cada uno de estos conceptos en los casos estudiados. En este texto se describen aspectos teóricos y metodológicos acerca de la intervención social y la investigación colaborativa con enfoque en derechos humanos, y se reflexiona en torno al proceso de acompañamiento y las decisiones que se adoptan durante la investigación, así como acerca de la experiencia del diálogo con los colectivos con los que se colabora para construir conocimiento.
Rapa Nui is an important hotspot of endemic marine biodiversity, where diffuse land-based sources (e.g., nutrients and organic matter) entering into coastal waters could develop eutrophication in ...coastal environments, with deleterious impacts on the marine ecosystem. Stable isotopes (δ13C and δ15N) of intertidal communities (macroalgae and invertebrates) were studied from sites with contrasting human influence (populated and unpopulated), to evaluate the incorporation and transfer of diffuse land-based sources through food webs. Macroalgae showed differences between some sites, and invertebrates showed a 15N-enrichment pattern at populated areas relative to unpopulated, being these differences significant in gastropods, barnacles and sea urchins. Moreover, trophic structure metrics suggest a higher trophic diversity in populated areas relative to unpopulated and support the isotopic partitioning between sites, associated with the incorporation of sources with 15N-enriched values. The above suggests that diffuse land-based sources could be incorporated by macroalgae, transferred into benthic consumers, and altering the trophic structure.
•Diffuse land-based nutrients contribute to the eutrophication of marine ecosystems.•Intertidal benthic organisms were collected in different sites around Rapa Nui.•Stable isotopes were used to establish the incorporation of diffuse land-based inputs.•Macroalgae and invertebrate taxa were 15N-enriched in human influenced areas.•An ongoing eutrophication process could affect the coastal environments at Rapa Nui.
This study examines metal concentrations in sediments under the influence of the oxygen minimum zone of the SE-Pacific and the anthropogenic impact following industrialization in Caldera Bay (27° S), ...which is one of the main ore-loading ports in operation from 1849. 210Pb and the CRS dating method were employed to estimate the age in two sediment cores sectioned at 1 cm. Metal concentrations from selected samples suggested clear impacts of industrial activities after ∼1860 on Cu, and moderate impacts on Fe, Pb, and Zn. Further, authigenic enrichment of nutrient type and redox-sensitive elements (Ni, Cd, Mo, and V) in ancient times was observed. This enrichment was related to low oxygen at the bottom and high productivity. As this condition varies over time, it could result in erroneous estimations of preindustrial values. Overall, we highlight the impact of natural processes on metal distribution in marine sediments during environmental assessments and regulations.
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•Metal concentration rise is consistent with increased industrial activity in the zone.•Pre-industrial and natural values are highly affected by authigenic enrichment by the influence of the OMZ and upwelling.•Metal authigenic enrichment is challenging to interpret in environmental assessment studies for policies and regulations.
Esta investigación analiza la maternidad transnacional de mujeres inmigrantes negras, particularmente haitianas, quienes han vivenciado situaciones de discriminación y vulnerabilidad en diferentes ...servicios de salud públicos, donde son categorizadas como madres descariñadas o no suficientemente buenas. Los resultados apuntan a una carga dolorosa y persistente de la maternidad transnacional dichas mujeres, así como desconocimiento de parte de profesionales sanitarios sobre ésta. También se visualizan sesgos patriarcales, clasistas, racistas y xenófobos en su atención, respecto de sus prácticas de crianza y apego. Las conclusiones apuntan a un trato interseccional de estas discriminaciones, para mejorar el trato en salud a mujeres afrodescendientes.
On the basis of reflexive ethnography, the author focuses on the political participation that
has taken place to date as a result of the organization and resistance during the internal
armed conflict ...in Guatemala. This is the case of the people from the Ixcán CPRs who have
actively intervened in the political processes in their municipality, partly due to their new
identity that emerged and expanded as a result of the motto, «Progress through
Resistance». They committed themselves to organization and active politics. As a result of
the Peace Agreements and through the strategic projects of political decentralization, they
participated in municipal town councils, using their experience in community organization
from the internal armed conflict. And so a new political culture arose as result of the
massacres, creating hope for indigenous people and society.
A partir de una etnografía reflexiva, se prioriza sobre una participación política que ha
trascendido hasta hoy por la organización y resistencia durante el conflicto armado interno
de Guatemala. Es el caso de personas originarias de las Comunidades de Población en
Resistencia, CPR, del Ixcán que han intervenido activamente en los procesos políticos de su
municipio, debido en parte a una nueva identidad que emergió y creció con el lema
«Resistencia para Avanzar». Apostaron por la organización y por una política activa que,
con los Acuerdos de Paz y con proyectos estratégicos de descentralización política,
participan en alcaldías municipales apoyándose en las experiencias de organización
comunitaria aprendidas durante el conflicto armado interno. Así surgió una nueva cultura
política que desde las masacres crea esperanza al pueblo indígena y a la sociedad.
Extreme precipitation events and multi-annual droughts, especially in arid to semi-arid subtropical regions, are among the most critical El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and global climate change ...impacts. Here, we assess the variability of torrential rainfall during the Late Holocene and its projection into the 21st century at the southern edge of the hyperarid Atacama Desert.
The analysis of historical data since the beginning of the 20th century reveals that most (76.5%) alluvial disasters in the southern Atacama Desert (26–30°S) have resulted from extreme rainfall events occurring between March and September under El Niño conditions, and more frequently during the warm phase of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. Particular rainfall events under these ocean-climate conditions are associated with the convective phase of the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) near the central-equatorial Pacific, resulting in warmer sea surface temperature (SST) there and in the triggering of persistent/intense Pacific South America (PSA) tropical-extratropical teleconnection patterns which result in blocking of the westerly flow at high latitudes and the subsequent deviation of storm tracks towards central-northern Chile.
On a longer timescale, marine sediments from Tongoy Bay (30°S) reveal an increasing trend of stronger runoff by torrential coastal rain since ca. 3500 cal yr BP and even stronger heavy rainfall since ca. 1700 cal yr BP. Highly variable coastal sea surface temperatures in the same time span deduced from the sedimentary record can be explained by intensified southerly winds in connection with stronger alongshore pressure gradients and reduced coastal low-cloud cover. Both storm intensification and increased intensity of upwelling-favorable winds point to a variable climate conditioned by strengthened interannual ENSO and interdecadal ENSO-like variability during the Late Holocene.
Climate projections from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) indicate a reduction in annual precipitation of 15–30% during the current century, together with an intensification of the storms, such as the alluvial disaster on March 25, 2015 in Atacama.
•PSA teleconnection pattern is a conditioning factor for most alluvial disaster in Atacama.•ENSO and ENSO-like conditions modulate the frequency of extreme rainfall events.•Marine sedimentary proxies point to the intensification of torrential rainfall since 3500 cal yr BP.•During the current century we expect increased aridification and heavier rainfall events.
•The oceanographic conditions before El Niño 2015–16 favored the generation of events.•Significative differences between species and ENOS conditions were detected in HAB duration.•The upwelling ...relaxing condition favors the retention of HABs while the upwelling produces the dispersion.•The simulations explain the low connectivity between bays.
The bays of Tongoy and Guanaqueros are located in the Humboldt Current system, where Argopecten purpuratus has been the subject of intense aquaculture development. These bays lie in one of the most productive marine ecosystems on Earth and are dominated by permanent coastal upwelling at Lengua de Vaca Point and Choros Point, one of the three upwelling centers on the Chilean coast. Significantly, this productive system experiences a high recurrence of harmful algal bloom (HAB) events. This paper examines 9-year (2010–2018) samples of three toxic microalgal species collected in different monitoring programs and research projects. During this period, nine HAB events were detected in Guanaqueros Bay and 14 in Tongoy Bay. Among these, three HAB events were produced simultaneously in both bays by Pseudo-nitzschia australis, and two events produced simultaneously were detected in one bay by Alexandrium spp. and the other by Dinophysis acuminata. Before El Niño 2015–16, there were more HAB events of longer duration by the three species. Since El Niño, the number and duration of events were reduced and only produced by P. australis. HAB events were simulated with the FVCOM model and a virtual particle tracker model to evaluate the dynamics of bays and their relationship with HAB events. The results showed retention in bays during the relaxation conditions of upwelling and low connectivity between bays, which explains why almost no simultaneous events were recorded.
In a period of high rates of glacier retreat, increasing meltwater discharge from tidewater glaciers can influence marine fjord ecosystems due to increase sediment delivery and accumulation rates in ...the proglacial environment. Glacier variations and associated changes in glacimarine processes are recorded in the sedimentary record and submarine geomorphology of fjords. In October-November 2017, CIMAR23 Cruise surveyed several fjords adjacent to the Southern Patagonian Icefield (SPI). In this study, we show detailed results of the multibeam bathymetry, backscatter and sub-bottom seismic profiles, and sediment core samples from Europa Fjord, located west of the central SPI area, to improve the analysis of the fjord glacial and sedimentary evolution and to connect its behavior with the other fjords in the region. For the cores
210
Pb chronology, magnetic susceptibility, organic carbon, total nitrogen, and stable isotopes (δ
13
C
org
, δ
15
N) were performed. The seafloor geomorphology showed that the most prominent submarine landforms are transverse morainal ridges, which indicate past stillstand glacier positions; these features formed during the deglaciation of the fjord (latest Pleistocene), and some, perhaps more recently during short episodic advance/retreat events. In the central and mouth fjord areas, erosional features such as lineations are found on the rocky bottom and interpreted as formed by past grounded glaciers. Several submarine moraines are generally well preserved, but some parts are crumbled by slope failures and erosion. Most of the seismic sections are interpreted as the expected subglacial-ice proximal-ice distal succession of facies, characteristic of single retreat environments. The sedimentary record includes bioturbed muds with muddy laminations and variable amounts of coarse sediments interpreted as ice rafted debris, suggesting a proglacial environment, punctuated by calving. From the beginning of the twentieth century there is a tendency to an increase in the terrigenous organic material content, including an abrupt increase during the 80–90s, and a decline in the last decade. This behavior is indicating possibly a general increase of surface terrestrial runoff and, for the last decade, an increase of glacial meltwater input which would be caused by an accelerated deglaciation.
El presente artículo es fruto de una investigación llevada a cabo entre 2013-2017 sobre alumnado invidente y el aprendizaje musical. Debido a la escasa bibliografía especializada en esta temática se ...consideró de interés realizar una investigación cualitativa para estudiar los instrumentos musicales demandados por los ciegos, las dificultades que los músicos invidentes tienen, así como las agrupaciones musicales en España y las principales del panorama internacional que integran a músicos con estas características, investigando sus estructuras, organización y prácticas inclusivas. Los resultados de esta investigación recogen saberes y experiencias desde un enfoque dialógico reflexivo y colaborativo, llevado a cabo con dirigentes y directores de grupos musicales que integran ciegos, músicos invidentes, alumnado con ceguera, familias, docentes y especialistas del área.
