Meat consumption is influenced by various kinds of factors, among them health implications. Different strategies can be effective in developing meat-based functional foods. These basically entail ...reducing the presence of compounds with negative health implications and enhancing the presence of beneficial compounds. This article reviews a comprehensive model for the development of meat-based functional foods based on a presentation of the research achieved in terms of the design and development of qualitatively and quantitatively modified meat products (frankfurters, patties and restructured steaks). These were reformulated to incorporate nutrients associated with three different seaweeds (wakame–Undaria pinnatifida; nori–Porphyra umbilicalis; and sea spaghetti–Himanthalia elongata) as sources of bioactive substances, while simultaneously reducing sodium and fat and improving fatty acid profiles. Those seaweeds were chosen, because in terms of composition and health implications, abundance on Spanish coasts, relatively widespread consumption, and suitability in terms of flavour and colour they are better suited than others for use as ingredients in new products. It also discusses the consequences of the use of this type of meat-based functional foods (combination of pork meat and 5% of each seaweed with or without hypercholesterolaemic agent included in the diets) on growing animals (Wistar male rats), and their effects on different aspects of lipoprotein metabolism, oxidative stress and liver structure. This article, then, reports a comprehensive approach to the production of seaweed-enriched meat products, considering aspects of technological development aimed at achieving the functional effect.
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•The design and development of different meat products with added seaweed was analyzed.•Seaweeds can be used as strategy for healthy meat products formulation.•Assessment of healthy properties of seaweed-enriched meat products was evaluated.•The effects induced by the different algae in diets are independent and not necessarily interlinked.•The use of seaweeds as strategy for meat-based functional foods production was demonstrated.
BACKGROUND: Protein‐energy wasting (PEW) is a highly prevalent condition in haemodialysis patients (HD). The potential usefulness of nutritional‐inflammatory markers in the diagnosis of PEW in ...chronic kidney disease has not been established completely. We hypothesised that a combination of serum albumin, percentage of mid‐arm muscle circumference and standard body weight comprises a better discriminator than either single marker of nutritional status in HD patients. METHODS: A cross‐sectional study was performed in 80 HD patients. Patients were categorised in two groups: well‐nourished and PEW. Logistic regression analysis was applied to corroborate the reliability of the three markers of PEW with all the nutritional‐inflammatory markers analysed. RESULTS: PEW was identified in 52.5% of HD patients. Compared with the well‐nourished patients, PEW patients had lower body mass index, serum pre‐albumin and body cell mass (all P < 0.001) and higher C‐reactive protein (s‐CRP) (P < 0.01). Logistic regression analyses showed that the combination of the three criteria were significantly related with s‐CRP >1 mg dL⁻¹, phase angle <4°, and serum pre‐albumin <30 mg dL⁻¹ (all P < 0.05). Other indicators, such as lymphocytes <20% and Charlson comorbidity index, were significantly involved (both P < 0.01). A receiver operating characteristic curve (area under the curve) of 0.86 (P < 0.001) was found. CONCLUSIONS: The combined utilisation of serum albumin, percentage of mid‐arm muscle circumference and standard body weight as PEW markers appears to be useful for nutritional‐inflammatory status assessment and adds predictive value to the traditional indicators. Larger studies are needed to achieve the reliability of these predictor combinations and their cut‐off values in HD patients and other populations.
Few studies have used healthy eating index (HEI) and mediterranean diet adherence (MDA) scores to evaluate the diet quality during pregnancy. To determine the relationship between first trimester ...diet quality and insulin sensitivity/resistance biomarkers at birth.
Cord-blood insulin sensitivity/resistance biomarkers of the offspring of 35 women whose diets were 'adequate' or 'inadequate' according to their HEI score (>70 or ≤ 70, respectively) and their 13-point MDA score (≥ 7 or <7, respectively).
Low HEI-score diets contained less (g/1000 kcal) carbohydrates (CHO; P=0.027) and fibre (P=0.011), and more fats (P<0.001) and cholesterol (P<0.001), and contributed (percentage contribution to total energy (%En)) fewer CHO (P=0.005), more fats (P=<0.001) and saturated fatty acid (SFA; P=0.002) than their high HEI-score counterparts. Low MDA-score diets contained less (g/1000 kcal) fibre (P<0.001) and more cholesterol (P=0.05), had lower polyunsaturated fatty acids+monounsaturated fatty acid/SFA (PUFA+MUFA/SFA; P=0.05) and higher SFA/CHO (P=0.021) and ω-6/ω-3 PUFA ratios (P=0.044) than their respective counterparts. Women consuming the low HEI- or low MDA-score diets had low-fasting glycaemia (P=0.016 or P=0.025, respectively) but delivered infants with high insulinaemia (P=0.048 or P=0.017, respectively), homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR; P=0.031 or P=0.049, respectively) and glycaemia (P=0.018 or P=0.048, respectively). The relative risk (RR) of high-neonatal glycaemia and insulinaemia were 7.6 (P=0.008) and 6.7 (P=0.017) for low vs high HEI-score groups. High HOMA-IR and high glucose RR were, respectively, 3.4 (P=0.043) and 3.9 (P=0.016) in neonates from the <7 MDA- vs ≥ 7 MDA-score group. These RRs were not affected by potential confounders.
Maternal diets with low HEI- or MDA-scores during the first trimester of pregnancy negatively affect insulin resistance markers at birth.
The study was designed to determine the influence of the addition of edible seaweeds, Sea Spaghetti (
Himanthalia elongata), Wakame (
Undaria pinnatifida), and Nori (
Porphyra umbilicalis), on fatty ...acid composition, amino acid profile, protein score, mineral content and antioxidant capacity in low-salt meat emulsion model systems. The addition of seaweeds caused an increase (
P
<
0.05) in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and a decrease (
P
<
0.05) in the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio. The thrombogenic index significantly decreased (
P
<
0.05) in Nori and Wakame meat samples. Meat systems made with added seaweeds had lower (
P
<
0.05) sodium contents than control samples. In general, addition of seaweeds to products increased (
P
<
0.05) the concentrations of K, Ca, Mg and Mn. The presence of Nori caused an increase (
P
<
0.05) in levels of serine, glycine, alanine, valine, tyrosine, phenylalanine and arginine, whereas Wakame and Sea Spaghetti produced no significant changes in amino acid profiles in the model systems. The inclusion of Sea Spaghetti increased the sulphur amino acid score by 20%. The added seaweeds supplied the meat samples with soluble polyphenolic compounds, which increased the antioxidant capacity of the systems. The polyphenol supply and antioxidant increase were greatest (
P
<
0.05) in the samples containing Sea Spaghetti.
Objective
To evaluate the existing evidence supporting or refuting the following questions: (i) Do patients with lower vitamin D levels have higher risk for periodontal disease? (ii) Are periodontal ...treatment outcomes improved by the adjuvant supplementation of vitamin D or by elevated serum vitamin D levels?
Material and Methods
MEDLINE, SCOPUS, EMBASE and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) databases were searched up to September 2017. Studies were included if they had measured serum vitamin D levels or vitamin D intake and any periodontal parameter.
Results
Overall, 27 studies were included (13 cross‐sectional studies, 6 case‐control studies, 5 cohort studies, 2 randomized clinical trials and 1 case series study). Sixty‐five percent of the cross‐sectional studies reported significant associations between low vitamin D levels and poor periodontal parameters. None of the observational longitudinal studies found that periodontal disease progression could be attributed to lower vitamin D levels. No interventional studies that evaluated the use of vitamin D supplementation as a solely adjuvant to periodontal treatment was found. No meta‐analysis was performed due to high variability across studies.
Conclusion
The data to support or refute the association between vitamin D levels and periodontal disease are inconclusive at the moment. More rigorously designed longitudinal studies with standardized definitions of periodontal disease and vitamin D are necessary.
Cardiovascular risk depends largely on paraoxonase (PON-1) and apolipoprotein A4 (APOA4) gene polymorphisms. To compare the effects of consumption of walnut-enriched meat versus low-fat meat (LM) on ...selected soluble adhesion molecules and leukotrienes (LTB4).
In all 22 subjects at increased cardiovascular risk were taken. It is a non-blinded, cross-over, placebo-controlled study. Two 5-week experimental periods separated by 4-6 week wash-out interval. Participants consumed walnut-enriched meat during one period and LM during the other. Diet characteristics, HDLc, Apo A1, paraoxonase, sVCAM-1, sICAM-1 and LTB4 were analysed. PON-1 55, PON-1 192 and APOA4 360 polymorphism effects were also assessed.
Individuals consuming walnut-enriched meat displayed higher paraoxonase activity (P<0.001), lower levels of sICAM and aVCAM (P=0.046, P=0.012, respectively) and leukotriene B4 (P=0.044), and lower paraoxonase-1/HDLc and paraoxonase-1/Apo A1 ratios (both, P<0.001) than those consuming LM. Paraoxonase levels correlated negatively with those of sICAM (r=-0.471, P<0.01). Significant decreases (at least P<0.05) were observed in sICAM concentrations in PON-1 55LM+MM, PON-1 QQ192 and APOA4-2 carriers while decreases in sVCAM in QR+RR and APOA4-1 carriers were observed. Paraoxonase-1/HDLc and paraoxonase-1/Apo A1 ratios were significantly influenced by paraoxonase polymorphisms.
Walnut-enriched meat appears as a functional meat as consumed in the framework of a mix diet lowered the concentration of some selected inflammatory chemoattractant biomarkers. This effect was largely influenced by PON-1 and Apo A4-360 polymorphisms.
Research on water quality is a fundamental step in supporting the maintenance of environmental and human health. The elements involved in water quality analysis are multidimensional, because numerous ...characteristics can be measured simultaneously. This multidimensional character encourages researchers to statistically examine the data generated through multivariate statistical analysis (MSA). The objective of this review was to explore the research on water quality through MSA between the years 2001 and 2020, present in the Web of Science (WoS) database. Annual results, WoS subject categories, conventional journals, most cited publications, keywords, water sample types analyzed, country or territory where the study was conducted and most used multivariate statistical analyses were topics covered. The results demonstrate a considerable increase in research using MSA in water quality studies in the last twenty years, especially in developing countries. River, groundwater and lake were the most studied water sample types. In descending order, principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), factor analysis (FA) and discriminant analysis (DA) were the most used techniques. This review presents relevant information for researchers in choosing the most appropriate methods to analyze water quality data.
Oxidative stress and DNA damage have been proposed as mechanisms linking pesticide exposure to health effects such as cancer and neurological diseases. A study of pesticide applicators and ...farmworkers was conducted to examine the relationship between organophosphate pesticide exposure and biomarkers of oxidative stress and DNA damage. Urine samples were analyzed for OP metabolites and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG). Lymphocytes were analyzed for oxidative DNA repair activity and DNA damage (Comet assay), and serum was analyzed for lipid peroxides (i.e., malondialdehyde, MDA). Cellular damage in agricultural workers was validated using lymphocyte cell cultures. Urinary OP metabolites were significantly higher in farmworkers and applicators (
p
<
0.001) when compared to controls. 8-OH-dG levels were 8.5 times and 2.3 times higher in farmworkers or applicators (respectively) than in controls. Serum MDA levels were 4.9 times and 24 times higher in farmworkers or applicators (respectively) than in controls. DNA damage (Comet assay) and oxidative DNA repair were significantly greater in lymphocytes from applicators and farmworkers when compared with controls. Markers of oxidative stress (i.e., increased reactive oxygen species and reduced glutathione levels) and DNA damage were also observed in lymphocyte cell cultures treated with an OP. The findings from these
in vivo and
in vitro studies indicate that organophosphate pesticides induce oxidative stress and DNA damage in agricultural workers. These biomarkers may be useful for increasing our understanding of the link between pesticides and a number of health effects.
Infectious diseases have been responsible for an increasing number of deaths worldwide. Staphylococcus aureus has been recognized as one of the most notable causative agents of severe infections, ...while efflux pump (EP) expression is one of the main mechanisms associated with S. aureus resistance to antibiotics.
This study aimed to investigate the potential of α-pinene as an efflux pump inhibitor in species of S. aureus carrying the TetK and MrsA proteins.
The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of α-pinene and other efflux pump inhibitors were assessed using serial dilutions of each compound at an initial concentration above 1024 μg/mL. Solutions containing culture medium and bacterial inoculums were prepared in test tubes and subsequently transferred to 96-well microdilution plates. The modulation of ethidium bromide (EtBr) and antibiotics (tetracycline and erythromycin) was investigated through analysis of the modification in their MICs in the presence of a subinhibitory concentration of α-pinene (MIC/8). Wells containing only culture medium and bacterial inoculums were used as negative control. Carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) was used as a positive control.
The MIC of ethidium bromide against S. aureus strains RN-4220 and IS-58 was reduced by association with α-pinene. This monoterpene potentiated the effect of tetracycline against the IS-58 strain but failed in modulating the antibacterial effect of erythromycin against RN-4220, suggesting a selective inhibitory effect on the TetK EP by α- pinene.
In conclusion, α-pinene has promising effects against S.aureus strains, which should be useful in the combat of antibacterial resistance associated with EP expression. Nevertheless, further research is required to fully characterize its molecular mechanism of action as an EP inhibitor.
The postprandial state plays a central role in the development and setting of chronic diseases. Condensed tannins (CT) are polyphenols with a known ability to modify carbohydrate digestion and ...absorption. The high concentration of CT in the pulp of carob fruit suggests a potential antidiabetic effect. The aim of this work was to analyze the in vitro and in vivo effects of carob fruit extract (CFE) on the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates. α-Glucosidase activity and glucose diffusion were tested in vitro using 0.5, 1, 2 and 5 mg mL
CFE concentrations. Two in vivo absorption studies, acute and subchronic, were carried out in four groups of 6 two-month-old male Wistar rats (control and CFE 25, 50 and 150 mg per kg b.w.), administering 1 mL of olive oil and 0.5 g per kg b.w. of glucose solution by oral gavage. CFE significantly inhibited α-glucosidase activity, through a competitive mechanism, from 1 mg mL
, and also reduced glucose diffusion in a dose-dependent manner. In the acute study, CFE (50 and 150 mg per kg b.w.) significantly reduced the area under the curve (AUC) of blood glucose. Subchronic CFE administration induced further AUC decreases; and CFE at 150 mg per kg b.w. reduced sodium-glucose-linked transporter-1 (SGLT1) levels in the duodenum. This study demonstrates the hypoglycemic properties of CFE, highlighting its potential role as a suitable nutritional strategy in diabetic patients.
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