This study investigates the association between the Pacific meridional mode (PMM) and tropical cyclone (TC) activity in the western North Pacific (WNP). It is found that the positive PMM phase favors ...the occurrence of TCs in the WNP while the negative PMM phase inhibits the occurrence of TCs there. Observed relationships are consistent with those from a long-term preindustrial control experiment (1000 yr) of a high-resolution TC-resolving Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) Forecast-Oriented Low Ocean Resolution (FLOR) coupled climate model. The diagnostic relationship between the PMM and TCs in observations and the model is further supported by sensitivity experiments with FLOR. The modulation of TC genesis by the PMM is primarily through the anomalous zonal vertical wind shear (ZVWS) changes in the WNP, especially in the southeastern WNP. The anomalous ZVWS can be attributed to the responses of the atmosphere to the anomalous warming in the northwestern part of the PMM pattern during the positive PMM phase, which resembles a classic Matsuno–Gill pattern. Such influences on TC genesis are strengthened by a cyclonic flow over the WNP. The significant relationship between TCs and the PMM identified here may provide a useful reference for seasonal forecasting of TCs and interpreting changes in TC activity in the WNP.
Himawari‐8, a next‐generation geostationary meteorological satellite, was launched on 7 October 2014 and became operational on 7 July 2015. The advanced imager on board Himawari‐8 is equipped with 16 ...observational bands (including three visible and three near‐infrared bands) that enable retrieval of full‐disk aerosol optical properties at 10 min intervals from geostationary (GEO) orbit. Here we show the first application of aerosol optical properties (AOPs) derived from Himawari‐8 data to aerosol data assimilation. Validation of the assimilation experiment by comparison with independent observations demonstrated successful modeling of continental pollution that was not predicted by simulation without assimilation and reduced overestimates of dust front concentrations. These promising results suggest that AOPs derived from Himawari‐8/9 and other planned GEO satellites will considerably improve forecasts of air quality, inverse modeling of emissions, and aerosol reanalysis through assimilation techniques.
Key Points
Next‐generation geostationary meteorological satellite Himawari‐8 launched on 7 October 2014
Himawari‐8 provides full‐disk aerosol optical properties at 10 min intervals from geostationary orbit
Promising results of aerosol assimilation experiment on Himawari‐8 retrievals
The purpose of this study was to clarify the heritability estimates of human muscle strength‐related phenotypes (H2‐msp). A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed (through August 22, ...2016). Studies reporting the H2‐msp for healthy subjects in a sedentary state were included. Random‐effects models were used to calculate the weighted mean heritability estimates. Moreover, subgroup analyses were performed based on phenotypic categories (eg, grip strength, isotonic strength, jumping ability). Sensitivity analyses were also conducted to investigate potential sources of heterogeneity of H2‐msp, which included age and sex. Twenty‐four articles including 58 measurements were included in the meta‐analysis. The weighted mean H2‐msp for all 58 measurements was 0.52 (95% confidence intervals CI: 0.48–0.56), with high heterogeneity (I2=91.0%, P<.001). Subgroup analysis showed that the heritability of isometric grip strength, other isometric strength, isotonic strength, isokinetic strength, jumping ability, and other power measurements was 0.56 (95% CI: 0.46–0.67), 0.49 (0.47–0.52), 0.49 (0.32–0.67), 0.49 (0.37–0.61), 0.55 (0.45–0.65), and 0.51 (0.31–0.70), respectively. The H2‐msp decreased with age (P<.05). In conclusion, our results indicate that the influence of genetic and environmental factors on muscle strength‐related phenotypes is comparable. Moreover, the role of environmental factors increased with age. These findings may contribute toward an understanding of muscle strength‐related phenotypes.
•β-Ga2O3 was grown by tri-halide vapor phase epitaxy.•Relatively lower driving force of Ga2O3 growth by THVPE than that by HVPE was experimentally confirmed.•Gas phase reaction in β-Ga2O3 growth was ...successfully suppressed by THVPE.•β-Ga2O3 homo-epitaxial layer with high crystalline quality and high purity was obtained.
β-gallium oxide (Ga2O3) was grown by tri-halide vapor phase epitaxy (THVPE) using gaseous GaCl3 and O2 as precursors. The growth rate linearly increased with increasing ratios of input partial pressure of O2 against GaCl3, and further, it was found the β-Ga2O3 growth by THVPE successfully suppressed the gas phase reaction and decreased Ga2O3 particles observed in halide vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE) by changing the ratio of the supply partial pressure of the second chlorine against that of the first during the GaCl3 generation. An epilayer with high crystalline quality and high purity equivalent to that grown via HVPE was obtained by newly developed THVPE without any particle formation.
•Slurry deposition of Pt- and Pt/Ir-layers leads to homogenous modified aluminide coatings after aluminisation.•Conventional NiAl coatings degrade faster than their Pt- and Pt/Ir-modified ...counterparts during thermocyclic exposure.•Pt addition to NiAl coatings enhances the resistance against oxide scale spallation during thermocyclic exposure.•Ir addition to NiAl coatings slows down the interdiffusion and particularly obstructs Ni-enrichment in the coating.
The microstructural degradation of Pt- and Pt/Ir-modified NiAl coatings during thermocyclic exposure at 1100 °C was investigated. Detailed microstructural investigation revealed the different beneficial effects of Pt and Ir. Platinum was found to be active in the healing mechanism of the oxide scale, whereas Ir incorporation provided an obstruction to interdiffusion. Oxidized surface morphologies exhibited the formation of a dense alumina scale on top of the PtAl coating, whereas Al-depletion in the NiAl coating was accelerated due to scale spallation and interfacial void formation. Additionally, Pt inward- and Ni outward diffusion was substantially reduced in the Ir-containing coatings.
The aim of this study was to clarify heritability estimates for endurance‐related phenotypes and the underlying factors affecting these estimates. A systematic literature search was conducted for ...studies reporting heritability estimates of endurance‐related phenotypes using the PubMed database (up to 30 September 2016). Studies that estimated the heritability of maximal oxygen uptake (V˙O2max), submaximal endurance phenotypes, and endurance performance were selected. The weighted mean heritability for endurance‐related phenotypes was calculated using a random‐effects model. A total of 15 studies were selected via a systematic review. Meta‐analysis revealed that the weighted means of the heritability of V˙O2max absolute values and those adjusted for body weight and for fat‐free mass were 0.68 (95% CI: 0.59‐0.77), 0.56 (95% CI: 0.47‐0.65), and 0.44 (95% CI: 0.13‐0.75), respectively. There was a significant difference in the weighted means of the heritability of V˙O2max across these different adjustment methods (P < .05). Moreover, there was evidence of statistical heterogeneity in the heritability estimates among studies. Meta‐regression analysis revealed that sex could partially explain the heterogeneity in the V˙O2max heritability estimates adjusted by body weight. For submaximal endurance phenotypes and endurance performance, the weighted mean heritabilities were 0.49 (95% CI: 0.33‐0.65) and 0.53 (95% CI: 0.27‐0.78), respectively. There was statistically significant heterogeneity in the heritability estimates reported among the studies, and we could not identify the specific factors explaining the heterogeneity. Although existing studies indicate that genetic factors account for 44%‐68% of the variability in endurance‐related phenotypes, further studies are necessary to clarify these values.
PDF
