The Telescope Array experiment is searching for the origin of ultra-high energy cosmic rays using a ground array of particle detectors and three fluorescence telescope stations. The precise ...calibration of the fluorescence detectors is important for small systematic errors in shower reconstruction. This paper details the process of calibrating cameras for two of the fluorescence telescope stations. This paper provides the operational results of these camera calibrations.
Evidence suggests that breastfeeding during infancy lowers the risk of metabolic syndrome (MS) and its attendant risk factors in adult life. To investigate the influence of feeding type on the risk ...factors of MS, we assessed insulin sensitivity and lipid and apolipoprotein metabolism in preterm infants. Blood samples were collected from preterm infants at the time of discharge. Infants were separated into two groups: a breast milk (BM) group receiving ⩾90% of their intake from BM, and a mixed-fed (MF) group receiving ⩾50% of their intake from formula. The following indices were then compared between the two groups. Blood glucose and serum insulin levels were used to calculate the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI). We also measured serum total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc), apolipoprotein-A1 (apoA1) and apolipoprotein-B (apoB) levels, and the ratios of TC/HDLc, LDLc/HDLc and apoB/apoA1. The mean gestational age was 32.9 weeks at birth, and blood samples were collected at a mean corrected age of 37.4 weeks. There were 22 infants in the BM group and 19 in the MF group. QUICKI was significantly higher in the BM group. TC, HDLc and apoA1 were not significantly different between the groups, but LDLc and apoB levels were significantly higher in the BM group. The TC/HDLc, LDLc/HDLc and apoB/apoA1 ratios were significantly higher in the BM group. In preterm infants, the type of feeding exposure in the early postnatal period may influence glucose, lipid and apolipoprotein metabolism, and affect markers of MS.
We performed the 75As nuclear magnetic resonance measurements of Ba1−xKxFe2As2 (BKFA) for x = 0.27, 0.39, 0.58, 0.64, 0.69 and 1 to understand gap structure in this system. Temperature dependence of ...spin lattice relaxation rate (1/T1) below superconducting (SC) transition temperature Tc changes gradually from x = 0.39 to 1.0. This result indicates that the SC gap structure changes smoothly from full gap state with maximum Tc into nodal-line structure state for x = 1 (KFe2As2). BKFA does not have distinct SC symmetry change. The nodal gap structure appears continuously and develops gradually with increasing x.
We report transport and magnetic properties of electron-doped manganites CaMn1−xSbxO3. The substitution of Sb5+ ion for Mn 4+site of the parent matrix causes one-electron doping with the chemical ...formula CaMn4+1−2xMn3+xSb5+x03. Single phase samples (x 0.02, 0.05, 0.08 and 0.1) are prepared with a solid-state reaction method. Upon increasing the doping level of Sb, the resistivity is suppressed at high temperatures, accompanied by carrier doping. However, it is strongly enhanced at low temperatures because the presence of the Sb ion prevents moving of carriers on the MnO network. Seebeck coefficient of the samples studied shows a negative value over a whole range of temperatures, indicating the electron doping. An anomalous diamagnetic behavior is observed at x 0.02 0.05 and 0.08, as it has been reported in the V doped manganites. These findings are close to the variation of eg orbital state due to the local lattice distortion associated with the Sb doping.
A super radiation-resistant motor was developed for ITER, consisting of high radiation-durable organic insulation materials, such as poly(benzimidazole), poly-liquid-crystal (VECRUS/spl reg/, ...VECTRA/spl reg/), and poly(phenyl ether)/urea grease. The motor was subjected to irradiation tests carried out by /sup 60/Co /spl gamma/-ray at room temperature, and its radiation resistance was confirmed to be more than 100 MGy, which is 50 times of that of an ordinary radiation durable motor. The key factor for attaining high radiation resistance was the application of aluminum (Al) thin leaves (thickness: 0.2 /spl mu/m) mainly having faces. In a /sup 60/Co /spl gamma/-rays irradiation test conducted on VECRUS/spl reg/ paper containing Al leaves and overcoated by a silicon layer, an average absorption cross section for the Compton effect was found to decrease by 20% from the theoretical value calculated by the formula of Klein and Nishina. These results show that a secondary electron beam generated from a /spl gamma/-ray can easily pass through VECRUS/spl reg/ paper coated by a silicon layer including the dispersing Al leaf, by means of the channeling effect through the crystal lattice, thereby avoiding a close single collision and reducing serious damage.
► We show the first physics results from the Middle Drum detector for Telescope Array. ► We quantify a spectral and energy scale comparison between Middle Drum and HiRes-1. ► We quantify a comparison ...between Middle Drum monocular and hybrid observation. ► We justify the transfer of the HiRes energy scale to all of Telescope Array.
The Telescope Array’s Middle Drum fluorescence detector was instrumented with telescopes refurbished from the High Resolution Fly’s Eye’s HiRes-1 site. The data observed by Middle Drum in monocular mode was analyzed via the HiRes-1 profile-constrained geometry reconstruction technique and utilized the same calibration techniques enabling a direct comparison of the energy spectra and energy scales between the two experiments. The spectrum measured using the Middle Drum telescopes is based on a three-year exposure collected between December 16, 2007 and December 16, 2010. The calculated difference between the spectrum of the Middle Drum observations and the published spectrum obtained by the data collected by the HiRes-1 site allows the HiRes-1 energy scale to be transferred to Middle Drum. The HiRes energy scale is applied to the entire Telescope Array by making a comparison between Middle Drum monocular events and hybrid events that triggered both Middle Drum and the Telescope Array’s scintillator ground array.
Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) is an enzyme that catalyzes the production of γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) from glutamate through a decarboxylation reaction. A full-length cDNA encoding glutamate ...decarboxylase (GmGAD1) was isolated from germinating soybean seeds (
Glycine max L. Merr.). The
GmGAD1 gene had a 1512-bp open reading frame, which encodes 503 amino acids. According to its sequence similarity with other GAD genes,
GmGAD1 was classified into GAD1 in the plant GAD family. Recombinant GmGAD1 protein expressed in
E. coli catalyzed α-decarboxylation of glutamic acid. The levels of GABA were rapidly increased in soybean seeds during the early imbibition period (6 h) of germination or during the soaking treatment, whereas mRNA of
GmGAD1 gene was not detected in these materials. The GmGAD1 protein was observed in seeds of various states such as developing, matured and soaking. These data suggest that the increased levels of GABA during the early stage of germination or soaking treatment were mediated by GmGAD1 protein synthesized in developing soybean seeds.
We present a measurement of the energy spectrum of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays performed by the Telescope Array experiment using monocular observations from its two new FADC-based fluorescence ...detectors. After a short description of the experiment, we describe the data analysis and event reconstruction procedures. Since the aperture of the experiment must be calculated by Monte Carlo simulation, we describe this calculation and the comparisons of simulated and real data used to verify the validity of the aperture calculation. Finally, we present the energy spectrum calculated from the merged monocular data sets of the two FADC-based detectors, and also the combination of this merged spectrum with an independent, previously published monocular spectrum measurement performed by Telescope Array’s third fluorescence detector T. Abu-Zayyad et al., The energy spectrum of Telescope Array’s middle drum detector and the direct comparison to the high resolution fly’s eye experiment, Astroparticle Physics 39 (2012) 109-119, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2012.05.012, Available from: <arXiv:1202.5141>. This combined spectrum corroborates the recently published Telescope Array surface detector spectrum T. Abu-Zayyad, et al., The cosmic-ray energy spectrum observed with the surface detector of the Telescope Array experiment, ApJ 768 (2013) L1, http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/768/1/L1, Available from: <arXiv:1205.5067> with independent systematic uncertainties.
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