Identifying and understanding COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy within distinct populations may aid future public health messaging. Using nationally representative data from the general adult populations of ...Ireland (N = 1041) and the United Kingdom (UK; N = 2025), we found that vaccine hesitancy/resistance was evident for 35% and 31% of these populations respectively. Vaccine hesitant/resistant respondents in Ireland and the UK differed on a number of sociodemographic and health-related variables but were similar across a broad array of psychological constructs. In both populations, those resistant to a COVID-19 vaccine were less likely to obtain information about the pandemic from traditional and authoritative sources and had similar levels of mistrust in these sources compared to vaccine accepting respondents. Given the geographical proximity and socio-economic similarity of the populations studied, it is not possible to generalize findings to other populations, however, the methodology employed here may be useful to those wishing to understand COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy elsewhere.
This conceptual paper revisits, refreshes and reinforces a 1984 study that challenged hospitality educators to include robotics in their classes and their research. The paper briefly reviews robotics ...literature, explains three robot categories—industrial, professional service and personal service—emphasises the importance of autonomy and human robot interaction, and provides hospitality and tourism examples. This literature review leads to six areas of importance for teaching and research of robotics in hospitality and tourism. The paper gives academics and practitioners a foundation for envisioning the current and future state of robots in hospitality and tourism.
•Review of latent structure of International Trauma Questionnaire.•Correlated six-factor and two-factor second-order most commonly supported symptom structures.•Distinct classes representing PTSD and ...CPTSD symptom profiles have been reported in clinical and non-clinical samples.•Validity PTSD and CPTSD supported when tested in conjunction with other variables.•More research needed on populations with high rates of trauma exposure.
The 11th version of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11; WHO, 2018) describes two distinct trauma related disorders, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Complex PTSD (CPTSD). This review aims to summarise and synthesize evidence from factor analytic and mixture modelling studies that have investigated the latent structure of the International Trauma Questionnaire. A systematic search of PsycInfo, Web of Science, Scopus and Pubmed databases was conducted to identify relevant articles. Thirty-three studies met the inclusion criteria for this systematic review. The latent structure of the ITQ was best represented by two models; a correlated six-factor model (Re-experiencing, Avoidance, Threat, Affect Dysregulation, Negative Self Concept, and Disturbed Relationships) and a two-factor second-order model (PTSD and Disturbances in Self-Organization). Mixture model studies consistently identified distinct classes representing those displaying PTSD and CPTSD symptoms. Numerous studies demonstrated support for the factorial and discriminant validity of PTSD and CPTSD when analysed in conjunction with other variables. Overall, support was found for the conceptual coherence of PTSD and CPTSD as empirically distinguishable disorders, as measured by the ITQ. The available evidence demonstrates that the ITQ is a valid measure of ICD-11 PTSD and CPTSD. Recommendations for future research are included.
The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as it relates to individuals’ experiences of the COVID‐19 pandemic has yet to be determined. This study was conducted to determine rates of ...COVID‐19–related PTSD in the Irish general population, the level of comorbidity with depression and anxiety, and the sociodemographic risk factors associated with COVID‐19–related PTSD. A nationally representative sample of adults from the general population of the Republic of Ireland (N = 1,041) completed self‐report measures of all study variables. The rate of COVID‐19–related PTSD was 17.7% (n = 184), 95% CI 15.35%, 19.99%, and there was a high level of comorbidity with generalized anxiety (49.5%) and depression (53.8%). Meeting the diagnostic requirement for COVID‐19–related PTSD was associated with younger age, male sex, living in a city, living with children, moderate and high perceived risk of COVID‐19 infection, and screening positive for anxiety or depression. Posttraumatic stress symptoms related to the COVID‐19 pandemic are common in the general population. Our results show that health professionals responsible for responding to the COVID‐19 pandemic should expect to routinely encounter symptoms and concerns related to posttraumatic stress.
Acute Cardiac Effects of Severe Pre-Eclampsia Vaught, Arthur Jason; Kovell, Lara C.; Szymanski, Linda M. ...
Journal of the American College of Cardiology,
07/2018, Letnik:
72, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Pre-eclampsia with severe features (PEC) is a pregnancy-specific syndrome characterized by severe hypertension and end-organ dysfunction, and is associated with short-term adverse cardiovascular ...events, including heart failure, pulmonary edema, and stroke.
The authors aimed to characterize the short-term echocardiographic, clinical, and laboratory changes in women with PEC, focusing on right ventricular (RV) systolic pressure (RVSP) and echocardiographic-derived diastolic, systolic, and speckle tracking parameters.
In this prospective observational study, the authors recruited 63 women with PEC and 36 pregnant control patients.
The PEC cohort had higher RVSP (31.0 ± 7.9 mm Hg vs. 22.5 ± 6.1 mm Hg; p < 0.001) and decreased global RV longitudinal systolic strain (RVLSS) (−19.6 ± 3.2% vs. −23.8 ± 2.9% p < 0.0001) when compared with the control cohort. For left-sided cardiac parameters, there were differences (p < 0.001) in mitral septal e′ velocity (9.6 ± 2.4 cm/s vs. 11.6 ± 1.9 cm/s), septal E/e′ ratio (10.8 ± 2.8 vs. 7.4 ± 1.6), left atrial area size (20.1 ± 3.8 cm2 vs. 17.3 ± 2.9 cm2), and posterior and septal wall thickness (median interquartile range: 1.0 cm 0.9 to 1.1 cm vs. 0.8 cm 0.7 to 0.9 cm, and 1.0 cm 0.8 to 1.2 cm vs. 0.8 cm 0.7 to 0.9 cm). Eight women (12.7%) with PEC had grade II diastolic dysfunction, and 6 women (9.5%) had peripartum pulmonary edema.
Women with PEC have higher RVSP, higher rates of abnormal diastolic function, decreased global RVLSS, increased left-sided chamber remodeling, and higher rates of peripartum pulmonary edema, when compared with healthy pregnant women.
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Most patients who undergo surgical procedures experience acute postoperative pain, but evidence suggests that less than half report adequate postoperative pain relief. Many preoperative, ...intraoperative, and postoperative interventions and management strategies are available for reducing and managing postoperative pain. The American Pain Society, with input from the American Society of Anesthesiologists, commissioned an interdisciplinary expert panel to develop a clinical practice guideline to promote evidence-based, effective, and safer postoperative pain management in children and adults. The guideline was subsequently approved by the American Society for Regional Anesthesia. As part of the guideline development process, a systematic review was commissioned on various aspects related to various interventions and management strategies for postoperative pain. After a review of the evidence, the expert panel formulated recommendations that addressed various aspects of postoperative pain management, including preoperative education, perioperative pain management planning, use of different pharmacological and nonpharmacological modalities, organizational policies, and transition to outpatient care. The recommendations are based on the underlying premise that optimal management begins in the preoperative period with an assessment of the patient and development of a plan of care tailored to the individual and the surgical procedure involved. The panel found that evidence supports the use of multimodal regimens in many situations, although the exact components of effective multimodal care will vary depending on the patient, setting, and surgical procedure. Although these guidelines are based on a systematic review of the evidence on management of postoperative pain, the panel identified numerous research gaps. Of 32 recommendations, 4 were assessed as being supported by high-quality evidence, and 11 (in the areas of patient education and perioperative planning, patient assessment, organizational structures and policies, and transitioning to outpatient care) were made on the basis of low-quality evidence.
This guideline, on the basis of a systematic review of the evidence on postoperative pain management, provides recommendations developed by a multidisciplinary expert panel. Safe and effective postoperative pain management should be on the basis of a plan of care tailored to the individual and the surgical procedure involved, and multimodal regimens are recommended in many situations.
Abstract Background Research examining the association between internalizing and externalizing dimensions of psychopathology has relied heavily on variable-centered analytical techniques. ...Person-centered methodologies complement the variable-centered approach, and may help explain the medium-to-large correlations that exist between higher order dimensions of psychopathology. What little person-centered research exists has been cross-sectional and utilized adult samples. The present study sought to take a person-centered approach to the modeling of psychiatric comorbidity during a key developmental phase; middle childhood through adolescence. Methods Analysis was conducted on data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC, N = 9282). Latent transition analysis (LTA) was conducted using eight DSM-IV disorders assessed at ages 7.5 and 14 years as measured indicators. Results At both time points, a four class solution provided the best fit, with classes labeled as (i) normative, (ii) primarily internalizing, (iii) primarily externalizing, and (iv) high-risk/multimorbid. There was considerable individual-level stability across time, with approximately 80% of children remaining in the same class at both time points. Those in the internalizing class at baseline were more likely to transition to a less severe class (i.e., the normative class). Conclusions Person-centered methodologies demonstrate that the association between internalizing and externalizing is accounted for by a sub-population at high risk for experiencing psychiatric comorbidity, and ‘cross-class’ disorders which link the internalizing and externalizing spectra.
•More people suffered from major depression in February 2019 than in March-April 2020.•There was no change in the prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder from February 2019 to March-April ...2020.•There was no change in the prevalence of major depression and GAD during six weeks of lockdown.•Depression was predicted by age, non-city dwelling, loneliness, resilience, and somatic problems.•GAD was predicted by sex, COVID-19 infection status, working with the public, death anxiety, internal locus of control, conscientiousness, loneliness, and somatic problems.
Few studies have examined changes in mental health before and after the outbreak of COVID-19. We examined changes in the prevalence of major depression and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) between February 2019 and March-April 2020; if there were changes in major depression and GAD during six weeks of nationwide lockdown; and we identified factors that predicted major depression and GAD across the six-week lockdown period. Nationally representative samples of Irish adults were gathered using identical methods in February 2019 (N = 1020) and March-April 2020 (N = 1041). The latter was reassessed six weeks later. Significantly more people screened positive for depression in February 2019 (29.8% 95% CI = 27.0, 32.6) than in March-April 2020 (22.8% 95% CI = 20.2, 25.3), and there was no change in GAD. There were no significant changes in depression and GAD during the lockdown. Major depression was predicted by younger age, non-city dwelling, lower resilience, higher loneliness, and higher somatic problems. GAD was predicted by a broader set of variables including several COVID-19 specific variables. These findings indicate that the prevalence of major depression and GAD did not increase as a result of, or during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ireland.
The over-purchasing and hoarding of necessities is a common response to crises, especially in developed economies where there is normally an expectation of plentiful supply. This behaviour was ...observed internationally during the early stages of the Covid-19 pandemic. In the absence of actual scarcity, this behaviour can be described as 'panic buying' and can lead to temporary shortages. However, there have been few psychological studies of this phenomenon. Here we propose a psychological model of over-purchasing informed by animal foraging theory and make predictions about variables that predict over-purchasing by either exacerbating or mitigating the anticipation of future scarcity. These variables include additional scarcity cues (e.g. loss of income), distress (e.g. depression), psychological factors that draw attention to these cues (e.g. neuroticism) or to reassuring messages (eg. analytical reasoning) or which facilitate over-purchasing (e.g. income). We tested our model in parallel nationally representative internet surveys of the adult general population conducted in the United Kingdom (UK: N = 2025) and the Republic of Ireland (RoI: N = 1041) 52 and 31 days after the first confirmed cases of COVID-19 were detected in the UK and RoI, respectively. About three quarters of participants reported minimal over-purchasing. There was more over-purchasing in RoI vs UK and in urban vs rural areas. When over-purchasing occurred, in both countries it was observed across a wide range of product categories and was accounted for by a single latent factor. It was positively predicted by household income, the presence of children at home, psychological distress (depression, death anxiety), threat sensitivity (right wing authoritarianism) and mistrust of others (paranoia). Analytic reasoning ability had an inhibitory effect. Predictor variables accounted for 36% and 34% of the variance in over-purchasing in the UK and RoI respectively. With some caveats, the data supported our model and points to strategies to mitigate over-purchasing in future crises.
The present systematic review examined post-migration variables impacting upon mental health outcomes among asylum-seeking and refugee populations in Europe. It focuses on the effects of ...post-settlement stressors (including length of asylum process and duration of stay, residency status and social integration) and their impact upon post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety and depression. Twenty-two studies were reviewed in this study. Length of asylum process and duration of stay was found to be the most frequently cited factor for mental health difficulties in 9 out of 22 studies. Contrary to expectation, residency or legal status was posited as a marker for other explanatory variables, including loneliness, discrimination and communication or language problems, rather than being an explanatory variable itself. However, in line with previous findings and as hypothesised in this review, there were statistically significant correlations found between family life, family separation and mental health outcomes.
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