Why jazz happened Myers, Marc
2012., 20121110, 2012, 2019-03-19
eBook
Why Jazz Happened is the first comprehensive social history of jazz. It provides an intimate and compelling look at the many forces that shaped this most American of art forms and the many influences ...that gave rise to jazz's post-war styles. Rich with the voices of musicians, producers, promoters, and others on the scene during the decades following World War II, this book views jazz's evolution through the prism of technological advances, social transformations, changes in the law, economic trends, and much more. In an absorbing narrative enlivened by the commentary of key personalities, Marc Myers describes the myriad of events and trends that affected the music's evolution, among them, the American Federation of Musicians strike in the early 1940s, changes in radio and concert-promotion, the introduction of the long-playing record, the suburbanization of Los Angeles, the Civil Rights movement, the "British invasion" and the rise of electronic instruments. This groundbreaking book deepens our appreciation of this music by identifying many of the developments outside of jazz itself that contributed most to its texture, complexity, and growth.
Each year, 33% of US citizens suffer from a musculoskeletal condition that requires medical intervention, with direct medical costs approaching $1 trillion USD per year. Despite the ubiquity of ...skeletal dysfunction, there are currently limited safe and efficacious bone growth factors in clinical use. Notch is a cell-cell communication pathway that regulates self-renewal and differentiation within the mesenchymal/osteoblast lineage. The principal Notch ligand in bone, Jagged-1, is a potent osteoinductive protein that positively regulates post-traumatic bone healing in animals. This report describes the temporal regulation of Notch during intramembranous bone formation using marrow ablation as a model system and demonstrates decreased bone formation following disruption of Jagged-1 in mesenchymal progenitor cells. Notch gain-of-function using recombinant Jagged-1 protein on collagen scaffolds promotes healing of craniofacial (calvarial) and appendicular (femoral) surgical defects in both mice and rats. Localized delivery of Jagged-1 promotes bone apposition and defect healing, while avoiding the diffuse bone hypertrophy characteristic of the clinically problematic bone morphogenetic proteins. It is concluded that Jagged-1 is a bone-anabolic agent with therapeutic potential for regenerating traumatic or congenital bone defects.
Disorders of chloride and mixed acid-base disturbances are common in veterinary emergency medicine. Rapid identification of these alterations and the presence of unmeasured anions aid prompt patient ...assessment and management. This study aimed to determine in dogs and cats if site-specific reference values for Cl
:Na
ratio and Na
- Cl
difference accurately identify corrected chloride abnormalities and to evaluate the predictive ability of the Cl
:Na
ratio for the identification of unmeasured anions. A database containing 33,117 canine, and 7,604 feline blood gas and electrolyte profiles was generated. Institution reference intervals were used to calculate site-specific reference values for the Cl
:Na
ratio and the Na
- Cl
difference. Contingency tables were used to assess the ability of these values to correctly identify corrected chloride disorders. Unmeasured anions were estimated by calculating strong ion gap (SIG). Continuous variables were compared using the Mann-Whitney
test. Correlations between continuous variables were assessed using Spearman's rho (
). In dogs, site-specific reference values for the Cl
:Na
ratio correctly identified 94.6% of profiles as hyper-, normo-, or hypochloremic. For dogs with normal sodium concentrations, site-specific reference values for the Na
- Cl
difference correctly identified 97.0% of profiles. In dogs with metabolic acidosis (base deficit > 4.0), Cl
:Na
ratio and SIG were moderately but significantly negatively correlated (
-0.592,
< 0.0001). SIG was significantly greater in dogs with metabolic acidosis and hypochloremia compared to those without hypochloremia (
< 0.0001). In cats, site-specific reference values for the Cl
:Na
ratio correctly identified 93.3% of profiles as hyper-, normo-, or hypochloremic, while site-specific reference values for Na
- Cl
difference correctly identified 95.1% of profiles. In cats with metabolic acidosis Cl
:Na
ratio and SIG were moderately significantly negatively correlated (
-0.730,
< 0.0001). SIG was significantly greater in cats with metabolic acidosis and hypochloremia compared to those without hypochloremia (
< 0.0001). Site-specific values for Cl
:Na
ratio and Na
- Cl
difference accurately identify corrected chloride disorders in both dogs and cats and may aid identification of the presence of unmeasured anions.
For dogs with protein-losing enteropathy (PLE) and evidence of lymphangiectasia, the efficacy of low-fat diet as monotherapy or combined with prednisone remains poorly characterized. In this ...prospective, observational cohort study of 14 dogs with presumptive PLE and ultrasonographic evidence of lymphangiectasia, subjects were placed on various low-fat diets as monotherapy and prednisone was added if response was deemed inadequate. Dogs were assessed and scored at four recheck examinations across a 6 mo study period, including a final recheck ultrasound. Clinical and clinicopathologic variables were collected and dogs were divided into three outcome groups: clinical remission on dietary monotherapy (LOF); clinical remission on dietary therapy plus immunosuppressive prednisone (LOP); and treatment failure (TXF). Eleven of 14 dogs were in clinical remission at the study end date (6 mo after enrollment): 6 LOF dogs and 5 LOP dogs. LOF dogs achieved a significant reduction in Canine Chronic Enteropathy Clinical Activity Index score and a significant increase in serum albumin within 2 wk of beginning dietary monotherapy. Four of 11 dogs in remission also had ultrasonographic evidence of resolution of linear striations. Low-fat diet appears to be an effective monotherapy in some dogs with presumptive PLE and ultrasonographic evidence of lymphangiectasia.
Metastatic melanoma to the eye and orbit are rare. Patients at greatest risk often have disseminated metastases in the setting of advanced disease. Because the prognosis for orbital metastatic ...disease is poor, emphasis must be placed on early detection and prevention. Although cutaneous malignancies include basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, sebaceous cell carcinoma, and malignant melanoma, the majority of cases that result in metastasis, ocular morbidity, and mortality are from sebaceous cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma.
A 72-year-old white woman presented emergently with a chief complaint of sudden, painless vision loss in her left eye of 2 weeks' duration. Her best-corrected visual acuities measured 20/30 in the right eye and 20/400 in the left eye with no improvement on refraction. Her systemic medical history was significant for the diagnosis of a cutaneous malignant melanoma. Examination of the left eye found grade II disc edema with all other posterior pole and peripheral structures intact and unremarkable. Magnetic resonance imaging confirmed the diagnosis of metastatic lesions involving structures of the left orbit ultimately causing reduced visual ability. The patient opted to avoid aggressive care and “hope for the best.” Denying significant medical intervention, the woman lived in hospice where she died 6 months later.
The primary care optometric setting, by the way a patient's visual symptoms present or the appearance of fundus abnormalities, can offer the capability of first detection and referral for the discovery of metastatic lesions. Although orbital metastasis is considered a terminal finding in these cases, timely diagnosis enables, while limited, the best options for management.
An 8‐year‐old male American Staffordshire terrier was admitted for evaluation of chronic episodes of ptyalism and hematemesis after exercise. Abnormalities were not detected on routine ...clinicopathological tests, thoracic radiography, and abdominal ultrasonography. Endoscopic examination revealed a labyrinthine network of severely distended, hemorrhagic esophageal blood vessels. Computed tomography angiography demonstrated a network of para‐esophageal vessels that communicated with the celiac artery caudally and the brachiocephalic trunk cranially, consistent with a diagnosis of non‐cirrhotic esophageal varices. This is a report of exercise, ptyalism, and hematemesis secondary to presumptive, non‐cirrhotic, bleeding esophageal varices in a dog.
Objective
To compare long‐term outcome of Salmonella‐positive versus Salmonella‐negative horses discharged from hospital after colic surgery.
Study design
Retrospective case‐control.
Animals
Horses ...discharged from the hospital after colic surgery. For each horse with positive culture for Salmonella enterica (SAL‐POS, n = 59), at least 2 horses testing negative for S. enterica (SAL‐NEG, n = 119) were enrolled.
Methods
Owners were interviewed via phone at least 12 months after surgery regarding: (1) complications after discharge from the hospital; (2) duration of survival; and (3) return to prior or intended use. Association between immediate postoperative clinical variables such as Salmonella status and long‐term measures of outcome was tested via ratios (odds ratio OR) and 95% confidence intervals. Data were analyzed for survival using a Cox proportional hazards model and for return to use using multivariable logistic regression.
Results
SAL‐POS horses had a higher OR of surgical site infection (2.7 1.1‐6.9 P = .027) and weight loss (6.8 1.8‐26.1 P = .002). At the time of follow‐up, there were 53/56 (95%) SAL‐POS and 99/118 (84%) SAL‐NEG horses alive. The final multivariable model for nonsurvival included postoperative colic (hazard ratio 7.6 2.8‐19.2 P = .002) and the interaction between Salmonella status and duration of rectal temperature > 103°F postoperatively (SAL‐POS 1.04 1.01‐1.07 and SAL‐NEG 1.16 1.06‐1.25, P = .005). The majority of horses returned to their intended use regardless of their SAL‐POS (38/50, 76%) or SAL‐NEG (77/96, 80%, P = .498) status.
Conclusion
Salmonella‐positive horses that survive to discharge from the hospital after colic surgery have similar risks of long‐term complications (colic/diarrhea), survival, and return to function than Salmonella‐negative horses.
Sonny Rollins doesn’t recall exactly how the riot started at New York’s Benjamin Franklin High School on September 27, 1945. What he does remember vividly is the high level of tension in the largely ...Italian neighborhood on East 116th Street and Pleasant Avenue that fall. Rollins’s junior high school class was the first to be sent to Franklin High in the fall of 1945—part of an early outreach program by progressive city officials determined to integrate the public school system.¹
The high school’s principal, Leonard Covello, was known for his “community-centered” educational vision that hailed the contributions of immigrants
As soon as the ink had dried on the agreements signed by Victor and Columbia, records became a cash cow for the AFM. The more records that played on the radio, the merrier for the AFM. Airplay led to ...consumer and jukebox sales and thus a fatter union fund devoted to hiring unemployed musicians to play concerts.
Once the union no longer presented obstacles to the airplay of records, radio began to make greater use of on-air personalities to play them, engage listeners, and lure them back. This on-air personality became more widely known as the disc jockey—a colorful
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