To compare long working length distal femoral locking plates with short working length for treating extra-articular distal femur fractures in terms of union and implant failure.
The randomised ...controlled trial was conducted at the Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar, Pakistan, from April 28, 2018, to March 10, 2021, and comprised all adult patients of either gender with extra-articular distal femur fractures who were randomised into two groups. Group A was exposed to long working length, while group B had short working length. Patients in both the groups were followed up regularly for one year for the assessment of fracture union and implant failure. Data was analysed using SPSS 22.
In the group of the 61 patients, 30(49.2%) were in group A; 24(80%) males and 6(20%) females with overall mean age of 37.9±9.6 years. The remaining 31(50.8%) were in group B; 26(83.8%) males and 5(16.1%) females with overall mean age of 37.2±1 years. The mean working length in group A was 75±5mm and in group B it was 35±9mm. In group A 28(93.3%) fractures healed, while in group B 19(61.2%) fractures achieved union (p=0.01). Non-union was noted in 2(6.6%) patients in group A and 7(22.5%) in group B (p=0.08). Plate breakage was noted in 3(9.6%) patients and screw breakage in 2(6.4%) patients in group B and none in group A (p=0.0001).
Long working length titanium locking plates were found to be better than short working length in achieving fracture union and avoiding implant failure.
A green, switchable water dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (SWDLL-ME) method is introduced for the first time as a preconcentration/separation tool for measuring trace levels of cadmium (Cd) ...in real water and food samples. In the present study, a switchable aqueous solution of polar organic solvent (acetonitrile) was reversibly switched (on and off) from miscible monophasic to immiscible biphasic in aqueous medium by exposure to an anti-solvent trigger (CO
2
). The developed SWDLL-ME was successfully applied as an extraction method for the extraction of a Cd-PAN complex (1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol) in polar organic solvent (PS). The solvent enriched phase containing Cd-PAN was separated from the switchable water (SW) and treated with 200 μL of 0.1 mol L
−1
HNO
3
with ethanol (1 : 1, v/v) in order to reduce its viscosity, and it was then easily injected into a GFAAS for analysis. The SW was reused for the next assay after the removal of CO
2
. The switching phenomenon of the SW from low to high polarity was confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy and conductivity measurements. The enrichment factor and limit of detection of the proposed method were 22 and 0.38 ng L
−1
, respectively. Validation of the developed method was carried out by analyzing certified reference materials (SLRS-4 Riverine water and NIST SRM 1515 Apple leaves).
A green, switchable aqueous, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method is introduced for the first time as a preconcentration/separation tool for measuring trace levels of cadmium in real water and food samples.
In the present method, a novel and simple portable in situ deep eutectic-based floating organic droplets dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method was developed for lead in real food and water ...samples by a portable microsampling syringe system directly couple with FAAS (DES-µSS). Choline chloride-decanoic acid (ChCl: Decanoic acid (1:1)) was used as a green hydrophobic deep eutectic-based floating organic droplets dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction of lead complex (Pb-2,9 dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline) from real aqueous samples. The aqueous solution containing DES was rapidly 10 times sucked up/down by using a micro pipette tip syringe system to properly mix the extraction solvent in the aqueous medium. The whole solution was sucked into the micro pipette tip syringe system and placed in an ice bath for 5 min until decanoic base DES solidify into fine droplets. The solidify metal complex enriched (Pb-2,9 dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline) was fine droplets was separated by simply press manually the plunger syringe system inside to expel the lower aqueous to the beaker. The different variables were screened out statistically by using multivariate optimization. Under these optimal conditions, good responses were obtained in the concentration ranges of 2.5–100 µg L−1. The relative standard deviation (RSD) and enhancement factor were found to be 4.2% and 150, respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) of the proposed method was found to be 0.086 µg L−1. The t-test was used to check the validity of the proposed method while using CRM samples. It was observed that calculated t value 0.50 less than the tcrit (2.91) at 95% confidence interval which indicating no significant difference between finding and certified values (p > 0.05). The relative % recovery is > 95%, indicated high validity and accuracy of the present method. The method was used to quantify the trace levels of lead in real water and food samples under optimized conditions.
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•Deep eutectic-based floating organic droplets microextraction method was developed.•Micropipette tip online microsampling syringe system couple with FAAS was used.•Variables were optimized using fractional factorial and central composite design.•Sample preparation is simple and easy for microsampling system of lead.•Low detection limit, high enhancement factor and short extraction time were observed.
First time we launch an innovative and simple portable in a closed micropipette tip switchable hydrophilicity microextraction syringe system (µS-SHS) couple with electrothermal atomic absorption ...spectroscopy (ETAAS) was developed for preconcentration and determination of vanadium using 2-(5-Bromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-diethylaminophenol (5- Br-PADAP), as complexing. In the proposed method decanoic acid was used as a switchable hydrophilicity extraction solvent and their polarity was switched on and off (water miscible/immiscible) by simply changing their pH. The phase separation was induced by simply adding sulfuric acid that switch off hydrophilicity (nondispersed/immiscible) of decanoic acid. The metal complex enriched phase (V-(5-Br-PADAP-SHS) was separated by simply removing the aqueous phase through manually dispensed syringe system. Then finally acidic ethanol drawn into the syringe contains metal complex enriched SHS phase to reduce viscosity and directly injected into the ETAAS by using an enclosed micropipette tip syringe system. The multivariate strategy was applied to screen out and optimized the variables. Limit of detection (LOD), enhancement factor (EF) and relative standard deviation (RSD) were found 0.0075 µg L−1, 120 and 2.91%, respectively. Certified reference material of riverine water (SLRS-4), Apple leaves (NIST SRM 1515) and a standard addition method was used to validate the present method. Developed method was applied to water and food samples. We successfully applied the proposed method to analyze vanadium in different real food and water samples.
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•A switchable hydrophilicity microextraction method was used for vanadium.•Micropipette type closed syringe system (µS-SHS) couple with ETAAS was developed.•Hydrophobicity of decanoic acid switchable in aqueous medium by simply changing pH.•A simple and easy sample preparation method was used.•Low detection limit, low RSD and high enhancement factor were observed.
•Synthesis of eco-friendly low cost, energy-saving, nontoxic TiO2-Al2O3 composites.•Degradation of malachite green and eosin Y dyes.•Removal mechanism trailed by pseudo second order kinetics with R2 ...=0.963 and ΔH of -54.44 kJ mol−1 indicated the exothermic method.•Achieving 85–90% removal for malachite green and eosin Y dyes in 60 mins.
Hazardous containing different groups of dyes from various industries are extremely dangerous and causing unfavorably susceptible dermatitis, skin diseases, transformation, and malignant growth. To overcome the hazards caused by water pollution, eco-friendly composites (TiO2-Al2O3) of titanium oxide (TiO2) and alumina (Al2O3) were synthesized with different proportional ratios (0.25/1, 0.16/1, 0.125/1, and 0.1/1) by kneading method and characterized through X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Ultraviolet-Visible (UV–Vis) spectrophotometry and high resolution transmittance electron microscopy (HR-TEM). Experimental finding showed that the sample TiO2 / Al2O3 with a molar-ratio of 0.1/1 had the higher photodegradation efficacy for malachite green and from the ratio 0.1/1, the higher photodegradation efficiency was achieved for eosin Y. The comparative studies of TiO2-Al2O3 samples were done for basic malachite green and acidic eosin Y and it was estimated that due to adsorbent, Al2O3 surface basicity it showed the highest adsorption for acidic eosin Y and hence had a higher photo degradation removal up to 90% for the eosin Y than for the basic malachite green with 80% photo degradation removal. Reaction mechanism for photodegradation were finest to define by Langmuir isotherms which trailed by pseudo-second order kinetics. The t/qt vs t plots for pseudo-second order kinetic produced high regression coefficients (R2 =0.963), which stated the adsorbate sorption's followed the pseudo second order kinetics. Thermodynamic parameters of dye degradation were calculated by the Van't Hoff equation that indicated the adsorption method was exothermic. The ΔH֯ parameters were found to be -54.44 kJ mol−1. The negative ΔH֯ recommended the exothermic biosorption process. Residuals plots for responses, interaction plots for responses and inter-contour plots were utilized to study the optimum points. Furthermore, accredited to experimental results and a reaction mechanism is planned for the photodegradation of organic dyes with TiO2-Al2O3 photocatalyst. Thus the broad band gap of inert semiconductor TiO2 can be narrower by heterogeneous coupling with Al2O3 through kneading method and showed the excellent photodegradation of organic dyes in the visible region without producing any secondary pollutant.
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A simple portable solid phase microextraction (P-SPME) has been developed for Bisphenol A in a syringe system for different environmental water samples by using UV–Vis spectrophotometric ...determination. In this work, tetra ethylene pentamine functionalized was immobilized on the surface of multi-wall carbon nanotubes. Their surface morphology has been characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and Scanning electron microscope techniques. In order to study the sorption behavior for Bisphenol A, the Langmuir, and Freundlich isotherm models were studied in the batch and proposed method. The monolayer adsorption capacity of the tetra ethylene pentamine functionalized was immobilized on the surface of multi-wall carbon nanotubes for bisphenol A was determined to be 45.5 mg/g at pH 6.5, 30 °C and 40 min. The R2 and RL values show that the reaction follows pseudo-second-order kinetic is naturally favorable. The Kf and 1/n values indicate that the adsorbent of bisphenol A on their surface is chemically. The positive value of ∆H° indicates that reaction was endothermic, whereas value of ∆S°, showing an increase in randomness at the solid solution interface during the BPA adsorption. The centroid simplex mixture design was used to optimized the elution solvent (methanol, acetone and acetonitrile) and central composite design was applied for optimize the process variables (pH, final amount of multi-wall carbon nanotubes and adsorption/desorption cycle) after mixture optimization. The proposed method provides a linear response for Bisphenol A over the concentration range 10–100 μg L−1 with correlation coefficients (r) ≥ 0.9986 and their limit of detection is 0.45 μg L−1. The precision of the method was obtained to be 4.5%. Validity of the method was verified by spiking addition method. The optimized method was successfully applied to different water samples.
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•A new and simple portable SPME method couple with UV-Vis spectrometry for determination of BPA.•Tetraethylene pentamine functioned multi-wall carbon nanotubes was packed in micropipette tip portable syringe system.•Central composite design (CCD) was applied to optimized the different variables using in P-SPME method.•The proposed method practically more convenient than column and batch techniques.•Reduce the risk of contamination or sample loss and much cheaper than the use of on-line methods.
Abstract
Background
A new and simple effervescent CO2-table-induced switchable hydrophilicity solvent extraction method (CI-SHS) was used for the preconcentration of rhodamine B (RB).
Objective
The ...main theme of the proposed method to disperse green solvent by in situ CO2-table system overcome on the contamination and to avoid the dispersion by using different chemicals.
Methods
Switchable hydrophilicity solvent (N, N-Dimethyl cyclohexylamine) was dispersed in an aqueous solution by reaction of CO2-table of sodium carbonate and citric acid to enhance the contact area between two medium, which radically improved the extraction capacity of the RB from aqueous medium to switchable solvent. The phase separation was achieved by simple heating not by centrifugation that makes a change on hydrophilicity to hydrophobicity. The supernatant-enriched RB- N, N-Dimethyl cyclohexylamine phase was withdrawn and injected into the UV glass cells. The absorbance was measured at 542.
Results
Limit of detection and enhancement factor were achieved to be 0.042 and 50 µg/L. Validity and accuracy of the method verified by analysis of real samples by the spiking addition method. The relative standard deviation was obtained at 3.2%. The method was applied to food and soft drink samples.
Conclusions
This method offers high sensitivity, selectivity, accuracy, and precision for the separation, preconcentration, and spectrophotometric determination of RB. Simple, fast, low-cost, and green extraction method was developed.
Highlights
High enrichment factor and lower detection limits were observed in this microextraction method. Present method is sensitive, selective, very accurate, and precise.
Lactarius acerrimus macrofungus was evaluated as low-cost and influential biosorbent for bio-removal of Hg(II) from aqueous solution. The chemical structure and surface morphology of the macrofungus ...was characterized by using FT-IR and SEM/EDS techniques. The Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms were modeled to study the sorption behavior regarded with for bio-removal of mercury using the batch method. The Langmuir model was found to be the best fitted model. The maximum bio-removal capacity of the macrofungus was found to be 134.9 mg/g at pH 5. The batch experiments were also to investigate to point out different parameters having a vital the bio-removal of mercury. The kinetic studies indicated thatthe pseudo second order (PSO) model was best fitted to the experimental values. The thermodynamic parameters proved the spontaneous and exothermic nature of the bio-removal process. Furthermore, the cycling examinations demonstrated that the L. acerrimus macrofungus had reasonable reuse performance.
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•L. acerrimus macrofungus as low-cost and novel sorbent was used effectively for bioremoval of Hg(II) from aqueous solution<.•The maximum bioremoval capacity of the macrofungus was found 134.9 mg g−1<.•The macrofungus had sufficiently high reusability performance <.•The bioremoval of Hg(II) using macrofungus was well fitted to the pseudo second order kinetic model<.•Thermodynamic calculations proved the spontaneous and exothermic nature of the bioremoval process<.
The combined exposure to aluminum (Al) and cadmium (Cd) causes more pronounced adverse health effects on humans. The kidneys are the main organs affected by internal exposure to Cd and Al via food ...and non-food items. The objective of present study was to measure the Al and Cd concentrations in cigarettes tobacco (branded and non-branded) and drinking water (domestic treated, ground and lake water) samples in southern part of Pakistan, to assess the risk due to ingestion of water and inhalation of cigarettes smoke containing high concentrations of both elements. The study population (kidney disorder and healthy) divided into two group based on consuming lake and ground water, while smoking non-branded cigarette as exposed, while drinking domestic treated water and smoking branded cigarette as non-exposed. Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry was used to determined Cd and Al concentrations in tobacco, drinking water and blood samples. The resulted data indicated that the levels of Al and Cd in lake and underground water were higher than the permissible limit in drinking water recommended by the World Health Organization. The biochemical parameters of exposed and referent patients, especially urinary
N
-acetyl-h-glucosaminidase, were used as a biomarkers of kidney disorder. Exposed kidney disorder patients have higher levels of Cd and Al than the exposed referents subjects, while difference was significant when compared to resulted data of non-exposed patients and referents (
p
= 0.01–0.001). The pearson correlation showed positive correlation between both toxic element concentrations in water, cigarettes versus blood samples of exposed subjects (
r
= 0.20–0.67 and 0.71–0.82), while lower values were observed for non-exposed subjects (
r
= 0.123–0.423 and 0.331–0.425), respectively.
Sectarian activists in Pakistan are occasionally arrested by law enforcement agencies in sectarian-terrorism crimes but very rarely convicted by the courts. Contemporary research mainly relates slow ...convictions in sectarian crimes to defects in the state's criminal justice system. But this article connects anti-terrorism courts’ (ATCs) slow convictions and large-scale acquittals in sectarian-terrorism crimes to vague anti-terror laws, judges’ and witnesses’ security concerns and the incompetence of the prosecution and judges. The article applies the mixed method of research by using data from personal interviews, online sources, newspapers, research journals, articles and books. It argues that undefined anti-terrorism laws, judges’ security concerns and sectarian activists’ terrorization of judges and eyewitnesses add to the ATCs’ slow convictions in sectarian-terrorism crimes in the Punjab. Moreover, prosecution and judges’ incompetence and their inclination towards Islamic principles in judgements show bias in the application of sectarian-terrorism related laws that have been causing large-scale acquittals in the ATCs.
