Rubber fatigue crack growth tests are one method of characterising fatigue behaviour. Due to the possibility of using one specimen to measure fatigue at multiple load levels, it is often considered a ...faster and less expensive method compared to the time-consuming fatigue crack initiation tests. In this work, the possibility of a new specimen grip geometry for crack growth tests was investigated, enabling the use of specimens cut from compression moulded plates. Several variations of a crack growth predictor parameter for tests with different mean strain levels were investigated. In addition, the optimum variation of the crack growth angle with respect to the loading direction was evaluated using test measurements. The results show that the use of the simplified crack growth predictor can provide the same results as the commonly used tearing energy. Using the Euclidean length of the crack growth increments gives better results than their horizontal projection, with the possibility of using angle deviations up to 90° without major drawbacks.
•A novel specimen grip geometry for planar tension specimens is presented.•Different variations of the tearing energy parameter have been investigated.•A modified tearing energy parameter has advantageous computational simplifications.•The effect of the crack growth angle on the scatter of the data was investigated.
Hidden corrosion in aircraft structures, not detected on time, can have a significant influence on aircraft structural integrity and lead to catastrophic consequences. According to the widely ...accepted damage tolerance philosophy, non-destructive inspections are performed to assess structural safety and reliability. One of the inspection techniques used for such an inspection is the optical D-Sight technique. Since D-Sight is used primarily as a qualitative method, it is difficult to assess the evolution of a structural condition simply by comparing the inspection results. In the following study, the method to monitor hidden corrosion growth is proposed on the basis of historical data from D-Sight inspections. The method is based on geometric transforms and segmentation techniques to remove the influence of measurement conditions, such as the angle of observation or illumination, and to compare corroded regions for a sequence of D-Sight images acquired during historical inspections. The analysis of the proposed method was performed on the sequences of D-Sight images acquired from inspections of Polish military aircraft in the period from 2002 to 2017. The proposed method represents an effective tool for monitoring hidden corrosion growth in metallic aircraft structures based on a sequence of D-Sight images.
In this article, a response of the complex-phase high-strength steel SZBS800 was modelled by considering the strain-rate influence. The material's response was first measured with a series of ...standard tensile tests at lower strain rates. Higher strain rates were achieved using the unconventional test of shooting the ball into flat specimens. A viscoplastic formulation of the Cowper-Symonds material model was applied to consider the strain-rate effects. The parameters
,
, and
of the material model were estimated using a step-wise procedure. First, rough estimates of the three parameters were obtained from the tensile tests using the grid search method. Then, the parameters
and
were fine-tuned using the reverse engineering approach. With the help of explicit dynamic simulations and all the experimental data, a multi-criteria cost function was defined and applied to obtain a smooth response function for the parameters
and
. Its optimum was determined by a real-valued genetic algorithm. The optimal values of the estimated parameters model the material response well, although a domain of optimum candidates spans two orders of magnitude for the parameter
and a few orders of magnitude for the parameter
.
Magnesium is one of the lightest metals for structural components. It has been used for producing various lightweight cast components, but the application of magnesium sheet plates is less ...widespread. There are two reasons for this: (i) its poor formability at ambient temperatures; and (ii) insufficient data on its durability, especially for dynamic loading. In this article, an innovative approach to predicting the fatigue life of the AZ31 magnesium alloy is presented. It is based on an energy approach that links the strain–energy density with the fatigue life. The core of the presented methodology is a comprehensive new model for tensile and compressive loading paths, which makes it possible to calculate the strain–energy density of closed hysteresis loops. The model is universal for arbitrary strain amplitudes. The material parameters are determined from several low-cycle fatigue tests. The presented approach was validated with examples of variable strain histories.
The problem of characterizing the structural residual life is one of the most challenging issues of the damage tolerance concept currently applied in modern aviation. Considering the complexity of ...the internal architecture of composite structures widely applied for aircraft components nowadays, as well as the additional complexity related to the appearance of barely visible impact damage, prediction of the structural residual life is a demanding task. In this paper, the authors proposed a method based on detection of structural damage after low-velocity impact loading and its classification with respect to types of acting stress on constituents of composite structures using the developed processing algorithm based on segmentation of 3D X-ray computed tomograms using the
package, real-oriented dual-tree wavelet transform and supporting image processing procedures. The presented algorithm allowed for accurate distinguishing of defined types of damage from X-ray computed tomograms with strong robustness to noise and measurement artifacts. The processing was performed on experimental data obtained from X-ray computed tomography of a composite structure with barely visible impact damage, which allowed better understanding of fracture mechanisms in such conditions. The gained knowledge will allow for a more accurate simulation of structural damage in composite structures, which will provide higher accuracy in predicting structural residual life.
Characterising the structure of cellular metals is a difficult task. The internal structure of cellular metals can be determined using micro-computed tomography (mCT). However, mCT scanning provides ...digital images in greyscale with various problematic artefacts. In addition, the grey intensity of cellular metals usually varies greatly due to the internal porosity of the material. Therefore, binary image segmentation to extract material segments from digital images is quite difficult. Our contribution can be summarised as follows. A comprehensive evaluation of various mixture models that have been shown in the literature to be useful for tomography, but for the purpose of binary image segmentation of cellular metals and internal porosity assessment. We propose a novel merging technique to merge different components of the mixture model for the purpose of binary image segmentation of cellular metals. Finally, to enforce spatial regularisation and further improve the binary image segmentation, we combine the obtained two-segment mixture model (material-void mixture model) with Markov random fields and evaluate the effects of different strengths of spatial regularisation. Our proposals are thoroughly investigated using five different types of cellular metals. The reported results are promising and competitive and speak in favour of the relevance of our proposals.
•Improvements in unsupervised image segmentation of mCT-scanned cellular metals for structure quantification are proposed.•The improvements are based on the merging of the components in the mixture model and the spatial regularisation.•The merging of the mixture components is based on the target volume of the scanned cellular metal.•Optimal mixture model should be selected based on the criteria for an optimal model and the target material volume.•Increasing spatial regularisation can lead to a deterioration in performance in cellular metal with thin and broken walls.
Due to their advantages-longer internal force delay compared to bulk materials, resistance to harsh conditions, damping of a wide frequency spectrum, insensitivity to ambient temperature, high ...reliability and low cost-granular materials are seen as an opportunity for the development of high-performance, lightweight vibration-damping elements (particle dampers). The performance of particle dampers is affected by numerous parameters, such as the base material, the size of the granules, the flowability, the initial prestress, etc. In this work, a series of experiments were performed on specimens with different combinations of influencing parameters. Energy-based design parameters were used to describe the overall vibration-damping performance. The results provided information for a deeper understanding of the dissipation mechanisms and their mutual correlation, as well as the influence of different parameters (base material, granule size and flowability) on the overall damping performance. A comparison of the performance of particle dampers with carbon steel and polyoxymethylene granules and conventional rubber dampers is given. The results show that the damping performance of particle dampers can be up to 4 times higher compared to conventional bulk material-based rubber dampers, even though rubber as a material has better vibration-damping properties than the two granular materials in particle dampers. However, when additional design features such as mass and stiffness are introduced, the results show that the overall performance of particle dampers with polyoxymethylene granules can be up to 3 times higher compared to particle dampers with carbon steel granules and conventional bulk material-based rubber dampers.
A commonly used tool for estimating the parameters of a mixture model is the Expectation–Maximization (EM) algorithm, which is an iterative procedure that can serve as a maximum-likelihood estimator. ...The EM algorithm has well-documented drawbacks, such as the need for good initial values and the possibility of being trapped in local optima. Nevertheless, because of its appealing properties, EM plays an important role in estimating the parameters of mixture models. To overcome these initialization problems with EM, in this paper, we propose the Rough-Enhanced-Bayes mixture estimation (REBMIX) algorithm as a more effective initialization algorithm. Three different strategies are derived for dealing with the unknown number of components in the mixture model. These strategies are thoroughly tested on artificial datasets, density–estimation datasets and image–segmentation problems and compared with state-of-the-art initialization methods for the EM. Our proposal shows promising results in terms of clustering and density-estimation performance as well as in terms of computational efficiency. All the improvements are implemented in the rebmix R package.
The paper presents a method on how the mean stress effect on fatigue damage can be taken into account under an arbitrary low cycle thermo-mechanical loading. From known stress, elastoplastic strain ...and temperature histories the cycle amplitudes and cycle mean values are extracted and the damage parameter is computed. In contrast to the existing methods the proposed method enables continuous damage parameter computation without the need of waiting for the cycles to close. The limitations of the standardized damage parameters are thus surpassed. The damage parameters derived initially for closed and isothermal cycles assuming that the elastoplastic stress–strain response follows the Masing and memory rules can now be used to take the mean stress effect into account under an arbitrary low cycle thermo-mechanical loading. The method includes:•stress and elastoplastic strain history transformation into the corresponding amplitude and mean values;•stress and elastoplastic strain amplitude and mean value transformation into the damage parameter amplitude history;•damage parameter amplitude history transformation into the damage parameter history.
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